Table 1.
Criteria utilized for defining involvement of specified drugs, for NSDUH data and mortality data (Multiple Cause of Death dataset)
| Drug | ||
|---|---|---|
| Any opioid | Heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, morphine, or codeine products, methadone, buprenorphine, pharmaceutical fentanyl, Demerol, or Tramadol | T40.0-T40.4 or T40.6 (opium, heroin, natural/semisynthetic prescription opioids, methadone, or synthetic opioids) |
| Heroin | Heroin | T40.1 (heroin) |
| Prescription opioida | Hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, morphine, or codeine products | T40.2 (natural and semisynthetic “other opioids,” e.g., codeine, hydromorphone, morphine, and oxycodone) |
| Methadone | Methadone | T40.3 (methadone) |
| Synthetic opioid | n.a. (NSDUH does not include questions about all drugs in the synthetic opioids category, and some synthetic opioids are often consumed unknowingly, unlikely to be accurately identified by self-report) | T40.4 (“other synthetic narcotics excluding methadone;” e.g., pharmaceutical or illicitlymanufactured fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, other novel synthetic opioids, Tramadol, and buprenorphine) |
| Benzodiazepine | Benzodiazepine tranquilizer or benzodiazepine sedative | T42.4 (benzodiazepine) |
| Psychostimulant with abuse potential | Methamphetamine, amphetamine or methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) products, or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/Ecstasy) | T43.6 (“psychostimulant with abuse potential, excluding cocaine;” e.g., methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, MDMA, caffeine; T43.6 overdose deaths most frequently involve methamphetamine; Ossiander, 2014) |
Notes.
a
Other prescribed opioids that correspond to different ICD-10 categories (e.g., methadone) were not included in this category. Abbreviations. NSDUH: National Survey on Drug Use and Health; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; n.a.: not applicable.