Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants in the Overall Sample and by Chronotype (Morning/Intermediate vs. Evening)‡
| Characteristics | Total (N=506) | Chronotype† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning/ Intermediate Type (n=442) | Evening Type (n=64) | p-value | ||
| Demographic | ||||
| Mean Age (years) | 36.9 (15.7) | 37.4 (16.0) | 34.4 (12.9) | 0.010 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 38.5% (195) | 60.7% (268) | 67.2% (43) | 0.340 |
| Racial or Ethnic Minority | 61.5% (311) | 39.4% (174) | 32.8% (21) | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married/Living with partner | 28.8% (146) | 29.6% (131) | 23.4% (15) | 0.380 |
| Single/Widowed/ Divorced/Separated | 71.2% (360) | 70.4% (311) | 76.6% (49) | |
| Health Insurance | ||||
| Have | 75.7% (383) | 76.0% (336) | 73.4% (47) | 0.640 |
| Not Have | 24.3% (123) | 24.0% (106) | 26.6% (17) | |
| Employment Status | ||||
| Not Employed | 13.4% (67) | 12.7% (56) | 18.6% (11) | 0.220 |
| Employed/Student | 86.6% (433) | 87.3% (385) | 81.4% (48) | |
| Education | ||||
| Some college and above | 33.4% (169) | 32.1% (142) | 42.2% (27) | 0.120 |
| High school and less | 66.6% (337) | 67.9% (300) | 57.8% (37) | |
| Menopause Status | ||||
| Postmenopausal | 28.9% (146) | 30.5% (135) | 17.2% (11) | 0.027 |
| Premenopausal | 71.2% (360) | 69.5% (307) | 82.8% (53) | |
| Cardiovascular Health and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors | ||||
| AHA LS7 score*,|| | 9.7 (2.2) | 9.8 (2.2) | 9.1 (2.4) | 0.016 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 26.0 (5.7) | 25.9 (5.8) | 26.9 (5.1) | 0.533 |
| Waist Circumference (inches) | 35.4 (5.5) | 35.5 (5.59) | 33.4 (4.76) | 0.920 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)* | 117.4 (14.3) | 117.3 (14.1) | 117.6 (15.5) | 0.890 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)* | 73.0 (10.8) | 72.9 (10.9) | 73.7 (10.5) | 0.570 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 182.2 (36.4) | 182.8 (36.7) | 177.6 (34.2) | 0.280 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)* | 61.2 (15.6) | 61.7 (15.8) | 57.9 (13.5) | 0.069 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)* | 104.6 (32.1) | 104.9 (32.3) | 102.7 (30.6) | 0.610 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 81.7 (41.5) | 81.2 (43.8) | 85.1 (43.8) | 0.480 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.9 (17.7) | 88.8 (17.5) | 90.2 (19.0) | 0.530 |
| Health Behaviors | ||||
| Never smokers | 77.2% (391) | 77.6% (343) | 75.0% (48) | 0.630 |
| Meets Physical Activity Guidelines§ | 46.7% (236) | 48.2% ( 213) | 35.9% (23) | 0.081 |
| Sedentary Time (h/day) | 13.7 (7.2) | 13.4 (6.7) | 16.0 (9.8) | <0.0001 |
| Meets 2–5 of AHA LS7 Diet Guidelines (high/moderate vs. low diet score)* | 50% (249) | 53.1% (232) | 27.4% (17) | <0.001 |
| Sleep Habits | ||||
| Sleep duration (h/night) | 6.8 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.1) | 0.250 |
| Sleep duration <7 h | 43.1% (218) | 41.2% (182) | 56.3% (36) | 0.030 |
| Sleep Quality (PSQI Score)* | 5.6 (3.8) | 5.4 (3.7) | 6.8 (3.8) | 0.010 |
| Poor sleep quality (PSQI >5)* | 38.3% (194) | 37.3% (165) | 45.3% (29) | 0.220 |
| Insomnia Severity Index | 7.1 (6.0) | 6.8 (6.0) | 9.1 (6.1) | 0.005 |
| OSA Risk (high vs. low) | 17% (86) | 17.0% (75) | 17.2% (11) | 1.00 |
| Insomnia: somewhat, moderate, or severe (ISI ≥ 8)* | 37.9% (190) | 35.5% (157) | 55.9% (33) | 0.004 |
AHA LS7: American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7; BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood Pressure; HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; PSQI: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
Evening-type defined as MEQ score <42 and intermediate or morning-type defined as MEQ score ≥42
Data presented as mean(SD) for continuous variables and as or %(N) for categorical variables. T-tests were used to examine differences in participant characteristics measured on the continuous scale. Fisher’s Exact test was used to examine differences in participant characteristics measured on the categorical scale.
Met physical activity guidelines of ≥150 min/wk or ≥75 min/wk of vigorous intensity
Composite score poor (0–8), moderate (9–10), high (11–14)