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. 2020 Aug 12;10:13605. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70707-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Convective cooling and warming of large volumes of StemCell Keep. Convective cooling for freezing (a) and convective warming for thawing (b) were carried out by immersing the glass vials in liquid nitrogen and a 37 °C water bath, respectively. Representative data of temperatures at the centre of vials are shown. Green, 1-mL system; yellow, 8-mL system; blue, 20-mL system; red, 30-mL system. A representative photo of ice ball formation induced by devitrification of StemCell Keep during convective warming is also shown in (b). (c) Effects of convective cooling and warming on the viability of hiPSCs. After freezing and thawing, cell viability was assayed using a cell viability imaging kit based on Hoechst 33342 for live cells and SYTOX green nucleic acid stain for dead cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 compared with the 0.2-mL system (gold standard).