Table 3.

Environmental profiles for the extraction processes (per functional unit of 1 mg polyphenols).

Impact category	Unit	NaOH SLE	Soxhlet extraction	UAE
Global warming	kg CO2 eq	43.893	20.703	8.000
Stratospheric ozone depletion	kg CFC11 eq	1.18E−05	5.57E−06	2.15E−06
Ionizing radiation	kBq Co-60 eq	14.055	6.560	2.543
Ozone formation, Human health	kg NOx eq	0.062	0.051	0.011
Fine particulate matter formation	kg PM2.5 eq	0.076	0.036	0.014
Ozone formation, Terrestrial ecosystems	kg NOx eq	0.062	0.065	0.011
Terrestrial acidification	kg SO2 eq	0.217	0.102	0.039
Freshwater eutrophication	kg P eq	0.085	0.040	0.015
Marine eutrophication	kg N eq	0.005	0.003	0.001
Terrestrial ecotoxicity	kg 1,4-DCB	79.615	37.494	14.471
Freshwater ecotoxicity	kg 1,4-DCB	2.448	1.141	0.443
Marine ecotoxicity	kg 1,4-DCB	3.366	1.569	0.609
Human carcinogenic toxicity	kg 1,4-DCB	4.026	1.883	0.730
Human non-carcinogenic toxicity	kg 1,4-DCB	65.293	30.440	11.821
Land use	m2a crop eq	0.378	0.259	0.092
Mineral resource scarcity	kg Cu eq	0.047	0.022	0.009
Fossil resource scarcity	kg oil eq	11.815	5.689	2.182
Water consumption	m3	0.776	0.585	0.138