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. 2020 Aug 12;11:4032. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17877-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Fluorescence intensity images of the precut PAA-G8 hydrogel at different time points along stretching. The hydrogel was loaded with an environment-sensitive dye (ANS) whose fluorescence became brighter in hydrophobic environments. b Enlarged photo of the red region in a. The white dashed line indicates the crack edge. c Stress distribution of a stretched elastic hydrogel simulated using the finite element analysis method. The crack propagation site experienced the highest stress. d Crack diffusion rates under different constant strains for the PEG-G8 (purple circle), the PAA (black triangle), and the (blue square) PAA-G8 hydrogels. Error bars represent SD.