Table 1.
List of various screening or production media and production processes for the discovery of specific pectinase enzymes.
| Enzymes | Enzyme subtypes | Source/microorganism | Screening/production media [clue additive(s)] | Production process | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protopectinase | Aspergillus awamori IF0 4033 | Wheat bran with 0.2 M HCl | SSF | (27) | |
| Geotrichum klebahnii ATCC 42397 | Synthetic media | SmF | (28) | ||
| Aspergillus terreus | Sucrose with yeast extract, meat peptone, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, and MgSO4 | SmF | (29) | ||
| Paenibacillus polymyxa Z6 | Apple pomace, peptone, K2HPO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2 | SmF | (30) | ||
| Esterase | Pectin methylesterase | Aspergillus niger | Dried apple pomace powder | SSF, SmF | (31) |
| Aspergillus heteromorphus | Pectin agar | SmF | (32) | ||
| Penicillium notatum NCIM. 923 | Wheat bran and dried orange peel | SSF | (33) | ||
| Fusarium asiaticum | Liquid cultures with potato tuber extract | Gel diffusion | (34) | ||
| Cladosporium cladosporioides | Semi solid rice | SmF | (35) | ||
| Aspergillus tubingensis | Dried papaya peel | SSF | (36) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Wheat bran, citric pectin, salt solution | SSF | (20) | ||
| Streptomyces coelicoflavus GIAL86 | Pectin, yeast extract, bacteriological agar | SmF | (37) | ||
| Pectin acetylesterase* | Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 | Luria-Bertani/synthetic M63 | SmF | (38) | |
| Depolymerase | Polygalacturonase | Neurospora crassa | Vogel's minimal supplemented with 2% (w/v) glucose | SmF | (39) |
| Aspergillus japonicas 586 | Manachini solution | SmF | (40) | ||
| Bacillus sp. | Wheat bran, 1% (NH4)2SO4, 0.02% MgSO4 solution | SSF | (41) | ||
| Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 3172 | Semi synthetic | SmF | (42) | ||
| Aspergillus awamori | Grape pomace | SSF | (43) | ||
| Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. MTCC 4163 | Yeast soluble starch agar with pectin | SSF | (44) | ||
| Saccharomyces sp. | YPD (Glucose 2%, yeast extract 1%, peptone 1%) YPGal (Galactose 2%, yeast extract 1%, peptone 1%) | SmF | (45) | ||
| Bacillus firmus –I-4071 | Basal medium supplemented with potato peels, Echornia crassips, and citrus peels mixture | SSF | (46) | ||
| Aspergillus giganteus | Vogel medium containing ammonium sulfate source and orange bagasse | SmF | (47) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Czapek-Dox agar with pectin | SmF | (48) | ||
| Aspergillus strains | Pectinase screening agar medium | SSF SmF |
(49) | ||
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Yeast soluble starch agar with pectin | SmF | (50) | ||
| Penicillium sp. | Pectin agar | SSF SmF |
(51) | ||
| Mucor circinelloides ITCC6025 | KCl, MgSO4.7H2O, trisodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid anhydrous, yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, pectin | SmF | (52) | ||
| Bacillus sp. | Yeast extract pectin medium | SmF Semi Solid Fermentation |
(53) | ||
| Bacillus cereus | Pectate agar plates amended with polygalacturonic acid | SmF | (54) | ||
|
Paecilomyces marquandii Aspergillus fumigatus Trichosporiella cerebriformis Mortierella sp. Syncephalastrum recemosum |
Pectin agar | SmF | (55) | ||
| Bacillus sp. | Yeast extract pectin calcium chloride medium | SmF | (56) | ||
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Mango pectin, NH4NO3, NH4 H2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O | SmF | (57) | ||
| Aspergillus foetidus | Dried mango peel powder with salt solution | SSF SmF |
(58) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with pectin | SmF | (59) | ||
| Rhizomucor pusillus | Yeast soluble starch agar supplemented with pectin | SSF | (60) | ||
| Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceous | Pectin agar having 1% pectin | SmF | (61) | ||
| Cladosporium cladosporioides | Semi solid rice | SmF | (35) | ||
| Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 | KH2PO4, Na2HPO4, FeSO4.7H2O, CaCl2, (NH4)2SO4, MnSO4.7H2O, H3BO3, citrus pectin | SmF | (62) | ||
| Aspergillus sp. | Liquid culture medium consists of orange peels | SmF | (63) | ||
| Wickerhamomyces anomalus | Yeast nitrogen base agar | SmF | (64) | ||
|
Bacillus sp. Erwinia sp. |
Mc Beth's medium | SmF | (65) | ||
|
Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius |
Standard growth medium containing pectin | SmF | (66) | ||
| A. sojae ATCC 20235 | Orange peel, Maltrin or glucose | SmF | (67) | ||
|
Penicillium canescens Rhizopus stolonifer Aspergillus candidus Gliocladium viride Penicillium sp. |
Czapek-Dox agar supplemented with pectin and congo red | SmF | (68) | ||
| Bacillus licheniformis | Pectin agar | SmF | (69) | ||
| Penicillium lividum | Czapek-Dox agar with pectin | SmF | (70) | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus oryzae | Czapek-Dox agar with commercial citrus pectin | SSF SmF |
(71) | ||
|
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus flavus |
NH4NO3, NH4H2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O, ground mango peel | SmF | (72) | ||
| Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 | Dried banana peel powder with salt solution | SmF | (73) | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus | Minimal essential agar medium with 2% pectin | Kirby Bauer disc diffusion | (74) | ||
| Aspergillus niger MCAS2 | Potato dextrose broth supplemented with 0.5% pectin | SmF | (75) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Czapek- Dox supplemented with orange waste peel | SmF | (76) | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae | KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, (NH4)2SO4, yeast extract | SmF | (77) | ||
| Bacillus subtilis | Pectinase screening agar medium | SmF | (78) | ||
| Aspergillus niger MTCC 478 | Solid pectin agar | SSF SmF |
(79) | ||
| Bacillus licheniformis KIBE-IB3 | Pectin agar | SmF | (80) | ||
| Aspergillus niger IBT-7 | Pectinase screening agar | SSF | (81) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Pectinase screening agar | SmF | (82) | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae | Pectinase screening agar containing 1% of pectin | SSF | (83) | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae RR103 | Pectin agar | SmF | (84) | ||
| Bacillus subtilis strain NBT-15 | Pectinase screening agar | SmF | (18) | ||
| Chryseobacterium indologenes | Yeast extract pectin agar | SmF | (85) | ||
| Tetracladium sp. | Yeast malt medium supplemented with glucose | SmF | (86) | ||
| Bacillus sp. Y1 | Wheat bran, starch, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4·7H2O, Na2CO3, Tween80 | SmF | (87) | ||
| Bacillus licheniformis UNP-1 | Pectin agar (Pectin, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O) | SmF | (88) | ||
| Bacillus tequilensis SALBT | Pectin agar | SmF | (89) | ||
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Pectin agar | SSF | (90) | ||
| Aspergillus niger ATCC 120120 | (NH4)SO4, MgSO4.7H2O, KH2PO4, FeSO4.7H2O, yeast extract, glucose and pectin of Nephrolepis biserrata leaves | SSF | (91) | ||
| Aspergillus sp. | Czapek-Dox agar with citrus pectin | SmF | (92) | ||
| Streptomyces coelicoflavus GIAL86 | Pectin, yeast extract, bacteriological agar | SmF | (37) | ||
| Bacillus tequilensis CAS-MEI-2-33 | Pectin agar | SmF | (93) | ||
| Geotrichum candidum AA15 | Mineral salt medium | SmF | (94) | ||
| Penicillium janczewskii | Wheat bran | SSF | (95) | ||
|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SW106 Bacillus subtilis TYg4-3 |
Pectinase screening agar | SmF | (96) | ||
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Beet pulp powder medium | SmF | (97) | ||
| Bacillus megaterium | Pectin agar medium | SmF | (22) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Minimal media (pectinase screening agar medium) | SmF | (98) | ||
| Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata, Geotrichum candidum, Rhizoctona solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora sp. | Pectin, KNO3, KH2PO4, MgSO4. 7H2O, amino acids in 0.02% concentration | SmF | (99) | ||
| Alternaria solani, Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum | Glucose nitrate, pectin peptone, pectin nitrate, and pectin ammonium nitrate individually | SmF | (100) | ||
| Aspergillus fumigates MS16 | Mineral salt medium supplemented with grounded banana peels | SSF, SmF | (101) | ||
| Neurospora crassa | Vogel's minimal medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) glucose | SmF | (39) | ||
| Lyase | Penicillium chrysogenum | Solid pectin agar medium | SmF | (102) | |
| Penicillium griseoroseum | Mineral medium supplemented with yeast extract and sucrose | SmF | (103) | ||
| Saccharomyces sp. | YPD (Glucose 2%, yeast extract 1%, peptone 1%) YPGal (Galactose 2%, yeast extract 1%, peptone 1%) | SmF | (45) | ||
| Aspergillus foetidus | Dried mango peel powder with salt solution | SSF SmF |
(58) | ||
| Aspergillus oryzae | Pectinase screening agar medium plates containing 1% of pectin | SSF | (83) | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Wheat bran, citric pectin, salt solution | SSF | (20) | ||
| Schizophyllum commune | Mosambi (sweet lime) fruit peels | SSF | (104) | ||
| Streptomyces coelicoflavus GIAL86 | Pectin, yeast extract, bacteriological agar | SmF | (37) | ||
| Escherichia coli BL21 | Glycine added medium | SmF | (105) | ||
*
Limited literature; SSF, Solid-state fermentation; SmF, Submerged fermentation.