Fig. 1.

Clinical and therapeutic course of cryptogenic FIRES. In the typical cases of cryptogenic FIRES, patients reaches a nadir at about one week after the onset, when they require high-dose intravenous barbiturate as well as other intravenous anticonvulsants and immunomodulators. Such extensive treatments frequently cause many adverse events including cardio-respiratory suppression and drug hypersensitity syndrome. Emerging treatments including ketogenic diet and anti-cytokine agents are promising options to minimize therapeutic complications. Abbreviations used: IVIG: intravenous immune; mPSL: methylprednisolone.