TABLE 1.
COPD and smoking prevalence in coronavirus disease 2019 patients
| Study [ref.] | Location | Subjects n | Age# | Female | Type of patient | Smoking rate | COPD rate | COPD prevalence by outcome | p-value | |
| Guan [8] | China | 1099 | 47.0 | 41.9% | Hospitalised and outpatients | Current 12.6%; former 1.9% | 1.1% | Severe | 3.5% | NA |
| Non-severe | 0.6% | |||||||||
| Met primary endpoint¶ | 10.4% | NA | ||||||||
| Did not meet primary endpoint | 0.5% | |||||||||
| Wang [10] | China | 138 | 56 | 45.7% | Hospitalised | NA | 2.9% | ICU | 8.3% | 0.054 |
| Non-ICU | 1.0% | |||||||||
| Zhou [11] | China | 191 | 56.0 | 38% | Hospitalised | Current 6% | 3% | Survivor | 7% | 0.047 |
| Non-survivor | 1% | |||||||||
| Huang [12] | China | 41 | 49.0 | 27% | Hospitalised | Current 7% | 2% | ICU | 8% | 0.14 |
| Non-ICU | 0 | |||||||||
| Guan [13] | China | 1590 | 48.9 | 42.7% | Hospitalised | Current and former 7% | 1.5% | Severe | 62.5% | NA |
| Non-severe | 15.3% | |||||||||
| ICU | 29% | |||||||||
| Non-ICU | 5.9% | |||||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 20.8% | |||||||||
| No mechanical ventilation | 2.9% | |||||||||
| Survivor | 25% | |||||||||
| Non-survivor | 2.8% | |||||||||
| Zhang [14] | China | 140 | 57 | 49.3% | Hospitalised | Current 1.4%; former 5.0% | 1.4% | Severe | 3.4% | 0.170 |
| Non-severe | 0 | |||||||||
| Liu [15] | China | 78 | 38 | 50.0% | Hospitalised | Current and former 6.4% | 10% | Progression | 9.1% | 0.264 |
| Improvement | 1.5% | |||||||||
| Feng [16] | China | 476 | 53 | 43.1% | Hospitalised | 9.7%+ | 4.6% | Critical | 15.7% | <0.001 |
| Severe | 5.6% | |||||||||
| Moderate | 2.3% | |||||||||
| Li [17] | China | 548 | 60 | 49.1% | Hospitalised | Current 7.5%; former 9.4% | 3.1% | Severe | 4.8% | 0.026 |
| Non-severe | 1.4% | |||||||||
| Wang [18] | China | 85 | 59.4 | 47.1% | Hospitalised | NA | 5.9% | Severe | 10.3% | 0.265 |
| Non-severe | 2.2% | |||||||||
| Yan [19] | China | 1004 | 62§; 68ƒ | 50.9% | Hospitalised | 46.0%+ | 0.8% | Survivors | 0.8% | 0.563 |
| Non-survivors | 0 | |||||||||
| Xiong [20] | China | 421 | 52 | 49.2% | Hospitalised | NA | 4.3% | Severe | 1.7% | 0.478 |
| Recovered | 4.7% | |||||||||
| Lv [21] | China | 354 | 62 | 50.56% | Hospitalised | NA | 1.69% | Critical | 1.19% | NA |
| Severe | 1.94% | |||||||||
| Mild | 1.74% | |||||||||
| Zheng [90] | China | 34 | 66 | 32.4% | ICU | NA | 5.9% | Intubated | 6.7% | 1.00 |
| Non-intubated | 5.3% | |||||||||
| Cai [22] | China | 383 | 61##; 44.5¶¶ | 36.3%##; 57.2%¶¶ | Hospitalised | NA | 8.4% | Severe | 14.3% | 0.03 |
| Non-severe | 6.51% | |||||||||
| Chen [23] | China | 548 | 56.0 | 42.9% | Hospitalised | Ever 5.8% | 1.3% | Survivors | 0.4% | NA |
| Non-survivors | 4.9% | |||||||||
| Shi [24] | China | 671 | 63 | 52% | Hospitalised | NA | 3.4% | Survivors | 3.4% | 1.00 |
| Non-survivors | 3.2% | |||||||||
| Zou [25] | China | 154 | 60.68 | 56.49% | Hospitalised | 8.44%+ | 5.84% | Survivors | 2.94% | 0.074 |
| Non-survivors | 11.54% | |||||||||
| Hu [26] | China | 323 | 61 | 48.6% | Hospitalised | 11.8%+ | 1.9% | Critical | 3.8% | 0.033 |
| Severe | 3.4% | |||||||||
| Non-severe | 0 | |||||||||
| Zhang [27] | China | 111 | 38.0 | 65% | Hospitalised | NA | 2.7% | Deterioration | 5.6% | 0.415 |
| Discharge | 2.2% | |||||||||
| Chu [91] | China | 33 | 65.2 | 33.3% | ICU | NA | 3.0% | ECMO | 14.3% | 0.21 |
| No ECMO | 0 | |||||||||
| Wang [28] | China | 107 | 51.0 | 46.7% | Hospitalised | NA | 2.8% | Survivors | 2.3% | 0.447 |
| Non-survivors | 5.3% | |||||||||
| Lagi [46] | Italy | 84 | 62 | 34.5% | Hospitalised | Current 7.1%; former 22.6% | 5.6% | ICU | 18.8% | 0.045 |
| Non-ICU hospitalisation | 2.9% | |||||||||
| Tomlins [92] | UK | 95 | 75 | 37% | Hospitalised | NA | 11% | Survivors | 8% | 0.2 |
| Non-survivors | 20% | |||||||||
| Israelsen [93] | Denmark | 175 | 71 | 51.4% | Hospitalised | Ever 55.8% Never 44.2% |
6.3% | ICU | 7.4% | 1.00 |
| Non-ICU hospitalisation | 6.1% | |||||||||
| Auld [94] | Atlanta, GA, USA | 217 | 64 | 45.2% | ICU | NA | 9.7% | Survivors | 9.5% | 0.737 |
| Non-survivors | 8.1% | |||||||||
| Buckner [95] | Seattle, WA, USA | 105 | 69 | 50% | Hospitalised | Ever 26% | 10% | Severe | 14% | NA |
| Non-severe | 7% | |||||||||
| Javanian [96] | Iran | 100 | 60.12 | 49% | Hospitalised | NA | 12% | Survivors | 8.64% | 0.032 |
| Non-survivors | 26.31% | |||||||||
| Itelman [97] | Israel | 162 | 52 | 35.2 | Hospitalised | 8.9%+ | 1.2% | Severe | 3.8% | 0.364 |
| Moderate | 0 | |||||||||
| Mild | 1.1% | |||||||||
| Lian [29] | China | 788 | 68 | 57.4% | Hospitalised | Current 5.88% | 2.2% | NA | ||
| Liu [30] | China | 137 | 57 | 55.5% | Hospitalised | NA | 1.5% | NA | ||
| Wu [31] | China | 80 | 44 | 48% | Hospitalised | NA | 4% | NA | ||
| Xu [32] | China | 90 | 50 | 57% | Hospitalised | NA | 1% | NA | ||
| Zhu [33] | China | 32 | 46 | 53% | Emergency room | 19%+ | 6% | NA | ||
| Huang [34] | China | 34 | 56.2 | 58.8% | Hospitalised | NA | 8.8% | NA | ||
| Wang [9] | China | 63 | 39.3 | 46% | Asymptomatic | NA | 1.6% | NA | ||
| Zhang [35] | China | 326 | 51 | 47.54% | Hospitalised | NA | 0.61% | NA | ||
| Liu [36] | China | 238 | 55.0 | 42.0% | Hospitalised | NA | 1.3% | NA | ||
| Lian [37] | China | 465 | 45 | 47.7% | Hospitalised | NA | 0 | NA | ||
| Hong [38] | China | 75 | 46.37 | 45% | Hospitalised | NA | 0 | NA | ||
| Ji [39] | China | 101 | 51.0 | 52% | Hospitalised | 5%+ | 2% | NA | ||
| Qiu [40] | China | 104 | 43 | 52.88% | Hospitalised | 3.85%+ | 0.96% | NA | ||
| Wei [41] | China | 101 | 49 | 46.5% | Hospitalised | 7.9%+ | 1.0% | NA | ||
| Grasselli [49] | Italy | 1591 | 63 | 19% | ICU | NA | 4% | NA | ||
| Cecconi [47] | Italy | 239 | 63.9 | 29.3% | Hospitalised | NA | 9.2% | NA | ||
| Inciardi [48] | Italy | 99 | 67 | 19% | Hospitalised | 20%+ | 9% | NA | ||
| de Abajo [98] | Spain | 1139 | 69.1 | 39.0% | Hospitalised | NA | 10.5% | NA | ||
| Barrasa [51] | Spain | 48 | 63.2 | 43% | ICU | 19%+ | 38% | NA | ||
| Szekely [99] | Israel | 100 | 66.1 | 37% | Hospitalised | 8%+ | 4% | NA | ||
| Richardson [42] | NYC | 5700 | 63 | 39.7% | Hospitalised | 15.6%+ | 5.4% | NA | ||
| Goyal [43] | NYC | 393 | 62.2 | 39.4% | Hospitalised | NA | 5.1% | NA | ||
| Kuno [44] | NYC | 8438 | 59 | 46.1% | Hospitalised and outpatients | NA | 2.4% | NA | ||
| Palaiodimos [45] | NYC | 200 | 64 | 51% | Hospitalised | Current and former 32.5% | 14.0% | NA | ||
| Arentz [52] | Washington state, USA | 21 | 70 | 48% | ICU | NA | 33.3% | NA | ||
| Bhatraju [50] | Seattle, WA, USA | 24 | 64 | 38% | ICU | NA | 4% | NA | ||
| Price-Haywood [100] | Louisiana, USA | 3481 | 55.5++; 53.6§§ | 60% | Hospitalised and outpatients | NA | 2.3% | NA | ||
| Ferguson [101] | California, USA | 72 | 60.4 | 47.2% | Hospitalised | Ever 27.4% | 4.2% | NA | ||
| Gold [102] | Georgia, USA | 305 | 60 | 50.5% | Hospitalised | Current 5.2% | 5.2% | NA | ||
| Rentsch (preprint) [103] | USA | 585 | 66.1 | 4.6% | Hospitalised and outpatients | Current 27.2%; former 30.6%; never 36.9% | 15.4% | NA | ||
| Mitra [104] | Canada | 117 | 69 | 32.5% | ICU | Current and former 13.7% | 6.8% | NA | ||
NYC: New York City, NY, USA. #: median or mean ages, years; ¶: ICU, mechanical ventilation or death; +: smoking status (i.e. current or former) not specified; §: age for survivors; ƒ: age for non-survivors; ##: severe cases; ¶¶: non-severe cases; ++: age for white patients; §§: age for black patients. NA: not available.