Table 3.

Cox Regression Predicting Dementia Risk from Loneliness

Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Age (years)	1.09 (1.09–1.10)**	1.09 (1.08–1.10)**	1.08 (1.08–1.09)**	1.09 (1.08–1.09)**
Gender (female)	0.95 (0.8401.08)	0.95 (0.84–1.07)	0.94 (0.83–1.07)	0.93 (0.82–1.06)
Race (African American)	2.70 (2.34–3.12)**	2.58 (2.23–2.90)**	2.57 (2.22–2.98)**	2.59 (2.24–3.00)**
Race (Other)	1.56 (1.19–2.06)**	1.55 (1.18–2.05)**	1.55 (1.18–2.05)**	1.59 (1.21–2.10)**
Ethnicity (Hispanic)	1.14 (0.92–1.41)	1.09 (0.87–1.35)	1.10 (0.88–1.36)	1.08 (0.87–1.35)
Education (years)	0.85 (0.83–0.86)**	0.85 (0.84–0.86)**	0.85 (0.84–0.87)**	0.86 (0.84–0.87)**
Hypertension	--	1.02 (0.90–1.17)	1.02 (0.90–1.17)	1.01 (0.88–1.15)
Diabetes	--	1.36 (1.18–1.56)**	1.36 (1.18–1.56)**	1.36 (1.18–1.56)**
Smoking	--	1.34 (1.11–1.61)**	1.31 (1.08–1.58)**	1.30 (1.07–1.56)**
Physical activity	--	0.90 (0.85–0.94)**	0.90 (0.86–0.94)**	0.91 (0.87–0.96)**
Body mass index	--	0.98 (0.97–0.99)**	0.98 (0.98–0.99)**	0.98 (0.97–0.99)**
Social isolation	--	--	1.12 (1.05–1.20)**	1.12 (1.04–1.20)**
Depressive symptoms	--	--	--	1.08 (1.05–1.12)**
Loneliness	1.40 (1.26–1.56)**	1.35 (1.22–1.50)**	1.30 (1.17–1.45)**	1.19 (1.05–1.33)**

Note: N = 12,030; n = 12,029 for Model 3 due to missing data on social isolation; n = 11,965 for Model 4 due to missing data on depressive symptoms.

**p < .01.