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. 2020 Aug 13;182:104916. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104916

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© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 4 — Innate immunity responses induced by 2′-F-siRNA swarms. U373MG cells were treated with the indicated siRNA swarms (50 nM) or controls. The antisense strand of the modified siRNA swarms used was fully (100%) or partially (10%) modified containing either 2′-F-dAMP, 2′-F-dCMP or 2′-F-dUMP as the modified nucleotide (10% or 100% F-A, F–C or F–U, respectively). The expression levels of interferon beta (IFN-β; panel A), interferon lambda-1 (IFN-λ1, IL-29; panel B) and interferon-stimulated gene 54 (ISG54; panel C) were quantified at 8 hpt (black bars), 24 hpt (dark grey bars) or 48 hpt (light grey bars) by RT-qPCR. The expression levels, normalized to housekeeping gene GAPDH, are presented on a logarithmic scale. The means and standard deviations, from two separate experiments with at least four repeat samples, are presented. Significantly higher induction of IFNs and ISGs in comparison to the unmodified UL29 siRNA swarm treatment is marked with asterisks (*: p ≤ 0.05, **: p ≤ 0.01, ***: p ≤ 0.001) and significantly lower induction with # (#: p ≤ 0.05, ##: p ≤ 0.01, ###: p ≤ 0.001). If no p-value is shown, the difference to the unmodified UL29-specific swarm is not significant.