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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: Pharm Res. 2018 Jun 25;35(8):164. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2444-z

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

The in vitro evaluation of SIM-PPi’s osteogenic efficacy using MC3T3-E1 cell line. (A) Representative images of Alizarin Red S (ARS) and von Kossa stained wells after 28 days of culture in a 24-well plate with SIM, PPi, and SIM-PPi treatments. (B) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of MC3T3-E1 cell line treated with 100 nM dose equivalent of SIM, PPi, and SIM-PPi. ALP was measured after 3, 7, and 14 days of culture. The values are shown as mean ± SD. #p< 0.0001 when compared to negative control (two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons). (C) ARS quantification measured at 405 nm. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. #bp<0.01 and #dp<0.0001 when compared to negative control group. +ap<0.05, +bp<0.01, and +cp<0.001 when compared to positive control group (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons).