Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients.
| Characteristic | Value | Laboratory data | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 106 (64.6) | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122 ± 16 |
| Age | 63.5 ± 13.1 | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 66 ± 11 |
| Disease duration (years) | 13.4 ± 10.7 | Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 56 ± 15 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 5.6 | HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 9.03 ± 1.76 (75 ± 4.3) |
| Smoking (never/former/current) | 70/68/26 | GA (%) | 23.6 ± 6.9a |
| Alcohol consumption (g) | 6.04 ± 14.2 | GA/HbA1c ratio | 2.61 ± 0.56a |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 101 (61.6) | FPG (mg/dL) | 152 ± 48 |
| Coronary artery disease | 35 (21.3) | HOMA-IR | 3.23 ± 2.57a |
| Stroke | 17 (10.4) | CPR: fasting (ng/mL) | 1.58 ± 1.08 |
| Neuropathy | 111 (67.7) | CPR: 2 h after meal (ng/mL) | 3.69 ± 2.17 |
| Retinopathy (-/SDR/PPDR or PDR) | 95/14/35 | CPI | 1.11 ± 0.80 |
| Nephropathy (1/2/3/4/5)b | 89/44/21/8/2 | Alb (mg/dL) | 4.08 ± 0.37 |
| Diabetes treatment (no drug/oral/GLP-1/insulin) | 19/77/8/60 | UA (mg/dL) | 5.33 ± 1.40 |
| Antihypertensive drug use | 96 (58.5) | TG (mg/dL) | 171 ± 170 |
| Calcium blocker | 65 (39.9) | c-LDL (mg/dL) | 101 ± 33 |
| ACE inhibitor | 13 (7.9) | BUN (mg/dL) | 17.4 ± 7.94 |
| ARB | 64 (39.0) | Cre (mg/dL) | 0.98 ± 0.84 |
| β-blocker | 22 (13.4) | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69.2 ± 26.0a |
| Diuretic | 22 (13.4) | MMSE | 28.4 ± 1.54 |
| Others | 4 (2.4) | HNA% | 25.3 ± 5.0 |
| Lipid-lowering drug use | 97 (59.1) | ||
| Strong statin | 71 (43.3) | ||
| Standard statin | 10 (6.1) | ||
| Fibrate | 9 (5.5) | ||
| EPA/DHA | 11 (6.7) | ||
| Ezetimibe | 10 (6.1) | ||
| Others | 4 (2.4) |
Values are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD; n = 164.
BMI: body mass index, SDR: simple diabetic retinopathy, PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PPDR: pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker, EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA: docosahexaenoic acid, GA: glycoalbumin, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, CPR: C-peptide immunoreactivity, CPI: C-peptide Index, Alb: serum albumin, UA: uric acid, TG: triglyceride, c-LDL: calculated LDL cholesterol, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, Cre: creatinine, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination, HNA%: percentage of human non-mercaptalbumin.
Data are missing for some patients. GA (n = 162), GA/HbA1c ratio (n = 162), HOMA-IR (n = 105), eGFR (n = 163).
Nephropathy stage was determined according to the Classification of Diabetic Nephropathy 2014 proposed by the Joint Committee on Diabetic Nephropathy in Japan [16]. Stage 1: microalbuminuria <30 mg/g Cre and eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 2: microalbuminuria 30–299 mg/g Cre and eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 3: macroalbuminuria ≥300 mg/g Cre or continuous proteinuria ≥0.5 g/g Cre and eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 4: eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and stage 5: requiring dialysis.