Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of candidate parameters and HNA%.
| Variable | β coefficient | 95% CI | Standardized regression coefficient | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 0.014 | −1.597–1.626 | 0.001 | 0.9862 |
| Age | 0.102 | 0.045–0.159 | 0.268 | 0.0005 ∗ |
| Disease duration | 0.158 | 0.090–0.226 | 0.339 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| BMI | 0.069 | −0.068–0.206 | 0.078 | 0.3217 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former or current smoker (versus never) | 0.644 | −0.910–2.199 | 0.064 | 0.4144 |
| Current (versus never or former) | −1.364 | −3.463–0.7352 | −0.100 | 0.2013 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.027 | −0.027–0.081 | 0.077 | 0.3283 |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 1.322 | −0.249–2.892 | 0.129 | 0.0985 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2.377 | 0.533–4.221 | 0.196 | 0.0119 ∗ |
| Stroke | −0.458 | −2.984–2.069 | −0.0281 | 0.721 |
| Neuropathy | 2.907 | 1.322–4.491 | 0.274 | 0.0004 ∗ |
| Retinopathy | ||||
| PPDR or PDR (versus - or SDR) | 3.739 | 1.857–5.621 | 0.313 | 0.0001 ∗ |
| Nephropathy | ||||
| Stage 3 or 4 or5 (versus stage 1 or 2) | 5.568 | 3.800–7.337 | 0.439 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Oral or GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug) | 1.161 | −1.240–3.561 | 0.075 | 0.3411 |
| GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug or oral) | 2.301 | 0.778–3.823 | 0.228 | 0.0033 ∗ |
| Insulin (versus no drug or oral or GLP-1) | 2.256 | 0.696–3.817 | 0.219 | 0.0049 ∗ |
| Antihypertensive drug use | 3.701 | 2.253–5.161 | 0.368 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Lipid-lowering drug use | 1.68 | 0.134–3.225 | 0.166 | 0.0334 ∗ |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 0.043 | −0.0045–0.091 | 0.138 | 0.078 |
| Diastolic | −0.094 | −0.164∼-0.0234 | −0.202 | 0.0093 ∗ |
| Pulse pressure | 0.103 | 0.052–0.154 | 0.301 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| HbA1c | −0.248 | −0.686–0.191 | −0.087 | 0.266 |
| GA | 0.047 | −0.066–0.160 | 0.065 | 0.413 |
| GA/HbA1c ratio | 1.547 | 0.181–2.913 | 0.174 | 0.027 ∗ |
| FPG | −0.009 | −0.025–0.0070 | −0.087 | 0.269 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.112 | −0.417–0.193 | −0.072 | 0.467 |
| CPR: fasting | 0.888 | 0.185–1.591 | 0.192 | 0.0136 ∗ |
| CPR: 2 h after meal | 0.058 | −0.300–0.414 | 0.025 | 0.719 |
| CPI | 1.076 | 0.120–2.031 | 0.172 | 0.0277 ∗ |
| Alb | −3.102 | −5.096∼-1.109 | −0.235 | 0.0025 ∗ |
| UA | 1.15 | 0.626–1.673 | 0.323 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| TG | −0.00095 | −0.0055–0.00359 | −0.032 | 0.6803 |
| c-LDL | −0.0219 | −0.0459–0.00215 | −0.145 | 0.074 |
| BUN | 0.3418 | 0.260–0.423 | 0.545 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Cre | 2.859 | 2.050–3.668 | 0.481 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| eGFR | −0.117 | −0.140∼-0.0930 | −0.608 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| MMSE | −0.191 | −0.691–0.310 | −0.059 | 0.4532 |
CI: confidence interval, ∗p < 0.05.