Table 3.
Bivariate analysis of risk factors and diabetic complications.
| Variable | β coefficient | 95% CI | Standardized regression coefficient | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
A. Neuropathy | ||||
| Male | 0.6661 | |||
| Age | 9.1195 | 5.0381–13.1998 | 0.3276 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Disease duration | 4.9794 | 1.5350–8.4239 | 0.2189 | 0.0049 ∗ |
| BMI | 0.4793 | −1.3606–2.3193 | 0.0405 | 0.6076 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former or current smoker (versus never) | 0.5000 | |||
| Current (versus never or former) | 0.0419 ∗ | |||
| Alcohol consumption | −3.1466 | −7.8111–1.5180 | −0.1041 | 0.1847 |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 1.0000 | |||
| Stroke | 0.5854 | |||
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Oral or GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug) | 0.0001 ∗ | |||
| GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug or oral) | 0.0188 ∗ | |||
| Insulin (versus no drug or oral or GLP-1) | 0.0370 ∗ | |||
| Antihypertensive drug | 0.0271 ∗ | |||
| Lipid-lowering drug use | <0.0001 ∗ | |||
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 6.4097 | 1.2057–11.6137 | 0.1870 | 0.0161 ∗ |
| Diastolic | −0.8735 | −4.4249–2.6778 | −0.0381 | 0.6278 |
| Pulse pressure | 7.2832 | 2.6001–11.9663 | 0.2346 | 0.0025 ∗ |
| HbA1c | −0.3751 | −0.9529–0.2027 | −0.1002 | 0.2017 |
| GA | −0.0584 | −2.3464–2.2297 | −0.0040 | 0.9599 |
| GA/HbA1c ratio | 0.1058 | −0.0805–0.2920 | 0.0883 | 0.2637 |
| FPG | 5.1795 | −10.6675–21.0264 | 0.0506 | 0.5196 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.0738 | −1.0995–0.9519 | −0.0141 | 0.8868 |
| CPR: fasting | 0.0400 | −0.3168–0.3967 | 0.0174 | 0.8252 |
| CPR: 2 h after meal | −0.3052 | −1.0214–0.4109 | −0.0660 | 0.4012 |
| CPI | −0.0444 | −0.3078–0.2189 | −0.0262 | 0.7395 |
| Alb | −0.1110 | −0.2344–0.0124 | −0.1382 | 0.0776 |
| UA | 0.1306 | −0.3311–0.5924 | 0.0439 | 0.5772 |
| TG | −13.4352 | −69.6593–42.7890 | −0.0371 | 0.6377 |
| c-LDL | −11.4970 | −22.7638∼-0.2301 | −0.1624 | 0.0456 ∗ |
| BUN | 2.9856 | 0.4018–5.5695 | 0.1765 | 0.0238 ∗ |
| Cre | 0.2905 | 0.0171–0.5638 | 0.1627 | 0.0374 ∗ |
| eGFR | −16.1465 | −24.3853∼-7.9076 | −0.2918 | 0.0002 ∗ |
| MMSE | −0.2975 | −0.8053–0.2103 | −0.0905 | 0.2491 |
| HNA% |
2.9069 |
1.3224–4.4914 |
0.2738 |
0.0004 ∗ |
|
B. Retinopathy | ||||
| Male | 0.1612 | |||
| Age | 1.9531 | −2.7006–6.6068 | 0.0695 | 0.4081 |
| Disease duration | 8.3780 | 4.5779–12.1781 | 0.3435 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| BMI | −0.2052 | −2.3405–1.9301 | −0.0160 | 0.8496 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former or current smoker (versus never) | 0.4311 | |||
| Current (versus never or former) | 0.0657 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | −2.4682 | −8.2174–3.2811 | −0.0710 | 0.3975 |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 0.1612 | |||
| Stroke | 0.1178 | |||
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Oral or GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug) | 0.0392 | |||
| GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug or oral) | 0.0008 ∗ | |||
| Insulin (versus no drug or oral or GLP-1) | 0.0029 ∗ | |||
| Antihypertensive drug | 0.0281 ∗ | |||
| Lipid-lowering drug use | 0.1680 | |||
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 9.6860 | 3.7748–15.5972 | 0.2623 | 0.0015 ∗ |
| Diastolic | −0.3468 | −4.4033–3.7097 | −0.0142 | 0.8660 |
| Pulse pressure | 10.0328 | 4.5764–15.4891 | 0.2918 | 0.0004 ∗ |
| HbA1c | −0.2245 | −0.8961–0.4471 | −0.0554 | 0.5098 |
| GA | 1.8524 | −0.7956–4.5003 | 0.1157 | 0.1689 |
| GA/HbA1c ratio | 0.2620 | 0.0483–0.4757 | 0.2000 | 0.0166 ∗ |
| FPG | 3.3717 | −15.0290–21.7724 | 0.0304 | 0.7177 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.1977 | −1.6355–1.2400 | −0.0293 | 0.7853 |
| CPR: fasting | −0.0302 | −0.4588–0.3984 | −0.0117 | 0.8894 |
| CPR: 2 h after meal | −0.7483 | −1.5477–0.0511 | −0.1535 | 0.0663 |
| CPI | −0.0326 | −0.3443–0.2791 | −0.0174 | 0.8363 |
| Alb | −0.1376 | −0.2820–0.0067 | −0.1562 | 0.0615 |
| UA | 0.1824 | −0.3453–0.7102 | 0.0572 | 0.4956 |
| TG | −26.2296 | −95.2293–42.7701 | −0.0629 | 0.4536 |
| c-LDL | −3.3586 | −15.9849–9.26776 | −0.0461 | 0.5996 |
| BUN | 7.0286 | 4.0748–9.9823 | 0.3672 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Cre | 0.7683 | 0.4528–1.0840 | 0.3743 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| eGFR | −21.6629 | −30.4754∼-12.8504 | −0.3788 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| MMSE | 0.0718 | −0.5141–0.6577 | 0.0203 | 0.8089 |
| HNA% |
3.7392 |
1.8572–5.62114 |
0.3130 |
0.0001 ∗ |
|
C.Nephropathy | ||||
| Male | 0.8353 | |||
| Age | 3.4827 | −1.6483–8.6160 | 0.1047 | 0.1820 |
| Disease duration | 5.9971 | 1.8844–10.1098 | 0.2207 | 0.0045 ∗ |
| BMI | 1.5033 | −0.7104–3.7169 | 0.1051 | 0.1818 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former or current smoker (versus never) | 0.2292 | |||
| Current (versus never or former) | 0.1703 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | −2.5601 | −8.1483–3.0281 | −0.0709 | 0.3670 |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 0.5397 | |||
| Stroke | 1.0000 | |||
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Oral or GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug) | 0.1290 | |||
| GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug or oral) | 0.0004 ∗ | |||
| Insulin (versus no drug or oral or GLP-1) | 0.0032 ∗ | |||
| Antihypertensive drug | <0.0001 ∗ | |||
| Lipid-lowering drug use | 0.0256 ∗ | |||
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 13.3825 | 7.4040–19.3610 | 0.3287 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Diastolic | 2.7749 | −1.4484–6.9982 | 0.1014 | 0.1963 |
| Pulse pressure | 10.6076 | 5.0933–16.1218 | 0.2860 | 0.0002 ∗ |
| HbA1c | 0.0867 | −0.6069–0.7803 | 0.0194 | 0.8054 |
| GA | 1.2426 | −1.5142–3.9994 | 0.0702 | 0.3747 |
| GA/HbA1c ratio | 0.0895 | −0.1359–0.3149 | 0.0619 | 0.4340 |
| FPG | −3.4463 | −21.9925–15.9033 | −0.0249 | 0.7514 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.3289 | −1.1892–1.8469 | 0.0423 | 0.6684 |
| CPR: fasting | 0.3033 | −0.1204–0.7269 | 0.1104 | 0.1594 |
| CPR: 2 h after meal | −0.1702 | −1.0271–0.6868 | −0.0308 | 0.6954 |
| CPI | 0.1714 | −0.1421–0.4850 | 0.0845 | 0.2820 |
| Alb | −0.2212 | −0.3660∼-0.0763 | −0.2305 | 0.0030 ∗ |
| UA | 0.6138 | 0.0699–1.1577 | 0.1725 | 0.0272 ∗ |
| TG | 40.5494 | −26.3625–107.4612 | 0.0936 | 0.2332 |
| c-LDL | 0.3487 | −13.3428–14.0403 | 0.0041 | 0.9599 |
| BUN | 9.2095 | 6.4183–12.0007 | 0.4557 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| Cre | 0.9543 | 0.6584–1.2502 | 0.4474 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| eGFR | −29.6886 | −38.8731∼-20.5040 | −0.4494 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| MMSE | −0.3371 | −0.9439–0.2697 | −0.0859 | 0.2742 |
| HNA% |
5.5685 |
3.8004–7.3366 |
0.4390 |
<0.0001 ∗ |
|
D. Coronary arterydisease | ||||
| Male | 0.4268 | |||
| Age | 5.5732 | 0.7194–10.4270 | 0.1754 | 0.0247 ∗ |
| Disease duration | 9.2283 | 5.4618–12.9949 | 0.3553 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| BMI | 0.2111 | −1.8894–2.3115 | 0.0156 | 0.8430 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former or current smoker (versus never) | 0.1771 | |||
| Current (versus never or former) | 1.0000 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | −2.8890 | −8.2238–2.4457 | −0.0837 | 0.2865 |
| Diabetes mellitus family history | 0.6958 | |||
| Stroke | 0.5310 | |||
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Oral or GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug) | 0.0788 | |||
| GLP-1 or insulin (versus no drug or oral) | 0.0017 ∗ | |||
| Insulin (versus no drug or oral or GLP-1) | 0.0006 ∗ | |||
| Antihypertensive drug | <0.0001 ∗ | |||
| Lipid-lowering drug use | <0.0001 ∗ | |||
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | 8.9890 | 3.1039–14.8735 | 0.2306 | 0.0030 ∗ |
| Diastolic | 0.4707 | −3.5854–4.5274 | 0.0180 | 0.8190 |
| Pulse pressure | 8.5181 | 3.1801–13.8560 | 0.2403 | 0.0019 ∗ |
| HbA1c | −0.1109 | −0.7736–0.5518 | −0.0260 | 0.7415 |
| GA | 1.3445 | −1.3127–4.002 | 0.0788 | 0.3192 |
| GA/HbA1c ratio | 0.1780 | −0.0381–0.3940 | 0.1276 | 0.1057 |
| FPG | −0.7710 | −18.8829–17.3409 | −0.0066 | 0.9331 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.3655 | −1.883–1.1523 | −0.0470 | 0.6340 |
| CPR: fasting | 0.1382 | −0.2685–0.5449 | 0.0526 | 0.5032 |
| CPR: 2 h after meal | −0.5934 | −1.4075–0.2207 | −0.1124 | 0.1520 |
| CPI | 0.1254 | −0.1747–0.4255 | 0.0647 | 0.4104 |
| Alb | −0.0551 | −0.1971–0.0869 | −0.0601 | 0.4449 |
| UA | −0.1337 | −0.6610–0.3935 | −0.0393 | 0.6171 |
| TG | 17.5497 | −46.6157–81.7151 | 0.0424 | 0.5899 |
| c-LDL | −22.6777 | −35.1721∼-10.1833 | −0.2810 | 0.0005 ∗ |
| BUN | 4.0500 | 1.1198–6.9794 | 0.2097 | 0.0070 ∗ |
| Cre | 0.6195 | 0.3183–0.9208 | 0.3040 | <0.0001 ∗ |
| eGFR | −17.0326 | −26.4943∼-7.5709 | −0.2698 | 0.0005 ∗ |
| MMSE | −0.3300 | −0.9098–0.2498 | −0.0880 | 0.2627 |
| HNA% | 2.3766 | 0.5325–4.2206 | 0.1961 | 0.0119 ∗ |
∗p < 0.05.