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TLR3 and TLR9 costimulation and cytokine release. A, Microglia were treated with 10 µg/ml Poly(I:C), 2 µM CpG, or 10 µg/ml Poly(I:C) + 2 µM CpG for 6 h and compared with untreated control. mRNA expression of il12, tnfα, ifnβ, il1β, nos2, and il6 were determined by qPCR (n = 3 per group). B, Microglia were treated as described in A. Subsequently, protein levels of TNFα, IL12, and IL6 were determined by ELISA (n = 3 per group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
