Table 4.

List of inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanomaterials used for the viral diseases theranostic.

Nanomaterials	Virus	Therapeutic potential	Imaging potential
Silver nanoparticles	HHV, HIV-1, RSV, MPXV, IV, TV, HBV, CoV	Affect attachment and block replication	SERS
Gold nanoparticles	IV, HSV-1, CSFV, HIV	Prevent attachment as well as penetration, PTT	CT, PAT, SERS
Copper oxide nanoparticles	HSV-1, HIV-1	Degradation of genome and oxidation of proteins	PAT
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	H1N1, HSV	Inhibition after viral entry	Optical
Zirconia nanoparticles	H5N1	Promote cytokines	Optical, MRI
Silicon nanoparticles	IV	Reduce number of progeny	Optical
Nano-carbon	HHV, IV	Inhibit entry of virus, PTT	SERS, Optical
Graphene oxide	HHV, HCV, RSV	inhibit attachment, PTT	SERS, Optical
Iron oxide nanoparticles	HCV	Magnetic hyperthermia	MRI
Dendrimers	HIV, HSV	Drug delivery system	Multimodal
Polymeric	HIV, IV	Drug delivery system	Multimodal
Biological nanoparticles	IV	Antigenic presentation, Drug delivery system	Multimodal
Liposomes	HCV, IV, HIV	Antigenic presentation, Drug delivery system	Multimodal

Abbreviation: Human herpesvirus (HHV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), monkeypox virus (MPXV), influenza virus (IV), Tacaribe virus (TV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), coronavirus (CV), swine fever virus (CSFV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), adenovirus (Adv), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), avian influenza virus subtype (H5N1), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic tomography (PAT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photothermal therapy (PTT)