Table 2.
Assessment of risk of bias of included trials of surgical and non-surgical treatment of fractures
| Author, year | Randomization process | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbaszadegan, 1990 | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Agren, 2013 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Ahrens, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Arora, 2007 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Arora, 2011 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Azzopardi, 2005 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Boons, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Buckley, 2002 | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Chen, 2011c | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Clementson, 2015 | Low risk | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Dias, 2005 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Duckworth, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Fjalestad, 2014 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Földhazy, 2010 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Griffin, 2014 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Hussain, 2017 | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Ibrahim, 2007 | High risk | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Judd, 2009 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Karladani, 2000 | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Koch, 2008 | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Kreder, 2006 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Kumar, 2018 | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Lee, 2016 | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Makwana, 2001 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Marasco, 2013 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Matsunaga, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| McKee, 2007 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Mirzatolooei, 2011 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Mittal, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Nouraei, 2011 | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Olerud, 2011a | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Olerud, 2011b | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Piazzolla, 2011 | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Qvist, 2018 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Rangan, 2015 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Robinson, 2013 | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Salai, 2000 | High risk | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Sanders, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Shen, 2001 | Some concern | High risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | High risk |
| Siebenga, 2006 | Some concern | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Sletten, 2015 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Smekal, 2009 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Tamaoki, 2017 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Thordarson, 1996 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Vinnars, 2008 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Virtanen, 2012 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Willet, 2016 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Woltz, 2017 | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Low risk | Some concern |
| Wong, 2010 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Wood, 2003 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Wu, 2018 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
| Zyto, 1997 | Low risk | Low risk | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern | Some concern |
Study quality was assessed for risk of bias using the Risk of Bias 2.0 tool from the Cochrane Collaboration on trials with results on patient-reported pain, physical function, and/or quality of life [14]. If four or five of the individual domains was found to be associated with some concerns of risk of bias, or if one of them was associated with high risk of bias, the overall risk of bias was rated as high risk