Table 3.

Bivariate analysis of predictors of patient-safety culture among health-care providers (n=388)

	Category	Un-Standardized Coefficients		t	P	95% CI
		β	SE			Lower	Upper
Sex	Male	0
	Female	0.48	1.74	0.273	0.785	−2.95	3.89
Age	≤29 years	0
	30–44 years	2.11	1.74	1.214	0.225	−1.31	5.54
	≥45 years	9.40	4.18	2.247	0.025*	1.17	17.63
Marital status	Single	0
	Married	2.54	1.75	1.455	0.147	−0.89	5.97
	Divorced	9.79	8.45	1.160	0.247	−6.82	26.41
	Widowed	5.44	16.73	0.325	0.745	−27.46	38.33
Monthly salary (US$)	≤185	8.51	3.19	2.661	0.008**	2.22	14.79
	186–370	11.12	3.13	3.556	0**	4.97	17.27
	≥371	0
Type of hospital	Primary	7.25	2.05	3.536	0**	3.22	11.27
	General	12.42	2.37	5.242	0**	7.76	17.08
	Referral	0
Profession/position	Pharmacy	0
	Physician	6.04	3.37	1.79	0.074	−0.59	12.67
	Nurse	7.49	2.95	2.54	0.011*	1.69	13.27
	Midwifery	8.16	3.81	2.14	0.033*	0.68	15.66
	Laboratory	9.19	3.69	2.49	0.013*	1.93	16.44
	Othersa	9.04	3.87	2.34	0.020*	1.44	16.64
Education	MSc	0
	Specialist	15.88	8.18	1.94	0.053	−0.20	31.96
	GP	11.64	5.69	2.05	0.041*	0.45	22.83
	BSc	13.94	5.35	2.61	0.010*	3.42	24.46
	Diploma	11.71	5.68	2.06	0.040*	0.54	22.89
Working unit	Pharmacy	0
	Medicine	10.69	3.66	2.92	0.04*	3.49	17.89
	Surgery	5.71	3.74	1.53	0.13	−1.64	13.06
	Pediatrics	11.19	3.97	2.82	0.01*	3.38	18.99
	Gynecology	7.86	4.34	1.81	0.07	−0.68	16.40
	Delivery	8.64	4.29	2.01	0.05	0.19	17.07
	Emergency	8.73	3.91	2.23	0.03*	1.04	16.41
	Laboratory	9.84	3.76	2.62	0.01*	2.45	17.23
	Othersb	6.63	3.17	2.09	0.04*	0.40	12.86
Experience at current hospital	<1 year	0
	1–5 years	7.29	3.32	2.19	0.03*	0.76	13.83
	6–10 years	−6.33	3.31	−1.91	0.06	−12.84	0.173
	>10 years	3.51	3.89	0.90	0.37	−4.15	11.17
Experience in current department	<1 year	0
	1–5 years	−1.82	2.54	−0.72	0.47	−6.82	3.17
	6–10 years	−4.38	3.18	−1.37	0.17	−10.65	1.89
	>10 years	−1.08	4.31	−0.25	0.80	−9.57	7.41
Hours worked per week	>80	0
	40–59	−0.03	2.53	−0.01	0.99	−5.00	4.94
	60–79	0.69	2.67	0.26	0.79	−4.55	5.93
Direct contact with patients	Yes	3.04	2.10	1.45	0.15	−1.08	7.17
	No	0
Patient-safety training	Yes	1.80	1.73	1.04	0.29	−1.60	5.21
	No	0
Safety-program participation	Yes	1.45	1.97	0.74	0.46	−2.42	5.32
	No	0

Notes: *p<0.05; **sp<0.01. ^aAnesthetists, radiology technologist/technician, emergency surgical officers, biomedical engineers, ophthalmic nurses, and dentist; ^banesthesia, radiology, intensive-care unit, biomedical engineering, environmental health, operation room, and eye clinic. 0,reference group.