Table 4.
HRs and 95% CIs of Mortality Risk Associated With the Most-Used Herbal Products Among MM Patients.
| CHM type | Ingredients and ratio | Accumulated person-days | n | Frequency of mortality | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crudea | Adjustedb | |||||
| Non-Chinese herbal medicine group | 156 | 96 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Single-herb products | ||||||
| Tian-Hua-Fen | Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. | 8,703 | 105 | 32 | 0.29 (0.19-0.43)*** | 0.29 (0.20-0.44)*** |
| Da-Huang | Rheum officinale Baill. | 2,748 | 42 | 13 | 0.33 (0.18-0.58)*** | 0.35 (0.19-0.62)*** |
| E-Zhu | Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee & C.F.Liang | 2,424 | 10 | 5 | 0.43 (0.17-1.06) | 0.51 (0.21-1.28) |
| Ji-Xue-Teng | Spatholobus suberectus Dunn | 2,294 | 29 | 7 | 0.21 (0.10-0.46)*** | 0.19 (0.09-0.42)*** |
| Dan-Shan | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | 1,695 | 33 | 7 | 0.17 (0.08-0.38)** | 0.17 (0.08-0.37)*** |
| Du-Zhong | Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | 1,556 | 31 | 10 | 0.30 (0.16-0.58)*** | 0.32 (0.16-0.61)*** |
| Pu-Gong-Ying | Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | 1,466 | 24 | 9 | 0.36 (0.18-0.72)** | 0.34 (0.17-0.68)** |
| Yan-Hu-Suo | Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H.Chou & Chun C.Hsu) W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su & C.Y.Wu | 1,377 | 33 | 6 | 0.16 (0.07-0.36)*** | 0.18 (0.08-0.41)*** |
| Niu-Xi | Achyranthes bidentata Blume | 1,327 | 29 | 5 | 0.15 (0.06-0.36)*** | 0.14 (0.06-0.35)*** |
| Jie-Geng | Platycodon grandifloras (Jacq.) A.DC. | 1,162 | 41 | 13 | 0.26 (0.15-0.48)*** | 0.29 (0.16-0.53)*** |
| Multiherb products | ||||||
| Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tan | Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Dang-Gui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Bai-Shao (Paeonia sterniana H.R.Fletcher), Sheng-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Cang-Zhu (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.), Niu-Xi (Achyranthes bidentata Blume), Chen-Pi (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Tao-Ren (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), Wei-Ling-Xian (Clematis chinensis Osbeck), Chuan-Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.), Fan-Gji (Stephania tetrandra S. Moore), Qiang-Huo (Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang), Fang-Feng (Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk), Bai-Zhi (Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan), Long-Dan (Gentiana manshurica Kitag), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolff), Shen-Gjiang (Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc.) 1:2:2.5:2:2:2:2:2:2:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:3 |
2,231 | 36 | 11 | 0.28 (0.14-0.53)*** | 0.29 (0.15-0.56)*** |
| Ban-Xia-Xie-Xin-Tang | Ban-Xia (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino); Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), Gan-Jiang (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Ren-Shen (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), Huang-Lian (Coptis chinensis Franch.), Da-Zao (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 7.5:4.5:4.5:4.5:1.5:3:4.5 |
2,181 | 33 | 5 | 0.14 (0.06-0.33)*** | 0.14 (0.06-0.34)*** |
| Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang | Du-Huo (Angelica pubescens Maxim.), Ji-Sheng (Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser), Du-Zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.), Niu-Xi (Achyranthes bidentata Blume), Xi-Xin (Asarum heterotropoides f. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag.), Qin-Jiao (Gentiana macrophylla Pall.), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolff), Rou-Gui (Cinnamomun cassia Presl), Fang-Feng (Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk), Chuan-Qiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong Hortorum), Ren-Shan (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Dang-Gui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Bai-Shao (Paeonia sterniana H.R.Fletcher), Shou-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.) 3:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2 |
1,764 | 31 | 8 | 0.24 (0.11-0.49)*** | 0.23 (0.11-0.47)*** |
| Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang | Chai-Hu (Bupleurum chinense DC.), Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), Ren-Shan (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), Ban-Xia (Pinellia Ternate (Thunb.) Makino), Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Sheng-Jiang (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Da-Zao (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) 8:3:3:3:5:3:2 |
1,595 | 28 | 9 | 0.35 (0.18-0.70)** | 0.33 (0.17-0.66)** |
| Gan-Lu-Yin | Shou-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Mai-Men-Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.), Zhi-Ke (Citrus × aurantium L.), Chi-Shao (red Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Yin-Chen-Hao (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.), Pi-Pa-Ye (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), Shi-Hu (Dendrobium nobile Lindl.), Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), Sheng-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Tian-Men-Dong (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.)Merr.) 2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5 |
1,552 | 31 | 3 | 0.09 (0.03-0.28)*** | 0.10 (0.03-0.30)*** |
| Ma-Zi-Ren-Wan | Huo-Ma-Ren (Cannabis sativa L.), Bai-Shao(Paeonia sterniana H.R.Fletcher), Zhi-Shi (Citrus × aurantium L.), Da-Hunag (Rheum officinale Baill.), Hou-Po (Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson), Xing-Ren (Prunus armeniaca L.) 7.5:2.5:2.5:5.0:2.5:2.5 |
1,439 | 22 | 3 | 0.15 (0.05-0.47)*** | 0.15 (0.05-0.48)*** |
| Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan | Shou-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Shan-Zhu-Yu (Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.), Shan-Yao (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolff), Mu-Dan-Pi (Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews), Ze-Xie (Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz.), Fu-Zi (Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux), Rou-Gui (Cinnamomun cassia Presl), Niu-Xi (Achyranthes bidentata Blume), Che-Qian-Zi (Plantago asiatica L.) 8:4:4:6:3:3:1:1:2:2 |
1,364 | 24 | 7 | 0.29 (0.13-0.62)*** | 0.28 (0.13-0.60)*** |
| Tian-Wang-Bu-Xin-Dan | Tian-Men-Dong (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.), Ren-Shen (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolff), Xuan-Shen (Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.), Dan-Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), Yuan-Zhi (Polygala tenuifolia Willd.), Jie-Geng (Platycodon grandifloras (Jacq.) A.DC.), Dang-Gui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Wu-Wei-Zi (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.), Mai-Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl.), Bai-Zi-Ren (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco), Suan-Zao-Ren (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou), Sheng-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.) 2:1:1:1:1:1:1:2:2:2:2:2:8 |
1,338 | 22 | 7 | 0.31 (0.14-0.66)** | 0.28 (0.13-0.61)** |
| Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang | Bai-Shao(Paeonia sterniana H.R.Fletcher), Zhi-Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 12:12 |
1,298 | 37 | 12 | 0.29 (0.16-0.52)*** | 0.30 (0.16-0.56)*** |
| Zhi-Bai-Di-Huang-Wan | Shou-Di-Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), Shan-Zhu-Yu (Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolff), Shan-Yao (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.), Mu-Dan-Pi (Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews), Ze-Xie (Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz.), Zhi-Mu (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.), Huang-Bai (Phellodendron chinense Schneid.) 8:4:3:4:3:3:2:2 |
1,052 | 28 | 9 | 0.28 (0.14-0.56)*** | 0.29 (0.15-0.59)*** |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; MM, multiple myeloma.
a
Relative HR.
b
Represented adjusted HR: mutually adjusted for CHM use, age, gender, urbanization level, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score in Cox proportional hazard regression.
*
P < .05. **P < .01. ***P < .001.