. 2020 Aug 12;20:288. doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-01687-5

Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample population

	N = 12,299		China (n = 4548)	Ghana (n = 1968)	India (n = 2441)	S. Africa (n = 1924)	Russia (n = 1418)	X² p-value
Age groups
65–69	4010	32.60	32.32	14.04	26.31	13.77	13.57	< 0.001
70–74	4257	34.61	46.37	14.63	16.8	13.27	8.93
75–79	2446	19.89	43.30	14.60	14.02	17.70	10.38
79+	1586	12.90	13.87	26.80	20.68	23.64	15.01
Sex
Male	5050	41.06	31.53	18.99	26.38	12.16	10.93	< 0.001
Female	7249	58.94	40.78	13.92	15.3	18.09	11.92	< 0.001
Currently married
No	5962	48.48	32.52	18.13	16.2	19.04	14.11	< 0.001
Yes	6337	51.52	41.19	14.00	23.28	12.47	9.07	< 0.001
Education
None	5893	47.92	30.29	25.93	28.83	1.80	13.15	< 0.001
Primary	2024	16.46	47.68	7.36	15.46	14.43	15.07
Secondary	1797	14.61	50.31	2.56	9.74	28.27	9.13
Higher	2585	21.01	34.57	9.49	9.83	39.45	6.66
Has employment
Yes	3100	29.53	36.26	33.65	20.13	5.03	4.94	< 0.001
No	7399	70.47	34.77	12.00	15.38	23.65	14.19	< 0.001
Residency
Urban	7646	62.18	49.82	10.02	8.21	19.91	12.05	< 0.001
Rural	4653	37.82	15.91	25.84	38.98	8.66	10.6	< 0.001
Smoking
No	6794	55.21	27.23	21.19	16.04	21.72	13.83	< 0.001
Yes	5515	44.79	49.00	9.60	24.54	8.17	8.69	< 0.001
Alcohol user
No	7109	57.79	35.5	12.31	29.31	8.20	14.67	< 0.001
Yes	5192	42.21	39.0	21.05	6.88	25.85	7.22	< 0.001
Takes physical exercise
No	4307	35.04	29.07	13.7	22.31	14.33	20.59	< 0.001
Yes	7985	64.96	41.18	17.26	18.53	16.38	6.65	< 0.001
Has any NCDs
No	3259	26.55	39.37	22.61	19.24	4.60	14.18	< 0.001
Yes	9014	73.45	35.92	13.66	20.12	19.69	10.61	< 0.001
Money meets daily need
Completely	2283	18.67	37.23	4.51	19.89	31.98	6.40	< 0.001
Moderately	3578	29.26	35.66	10.87	28.31	16.35	8.80
A Little	4036	33.00	41.85	20.22	16.58	7.95	13.40
Not at All	2332	19.08	31.42	27.52	12.99	11.62	16.46
Income Quantile
Q1	3490	28.45	56.33	12.26	11.89	12.32	7.19	< 0.001
Q2	1986	16.18	18.34	21.31	23.68	22.97	13.70
Q3	3290	26.82	52.07	12.43	13.95	13.31	8.24
Q4	1764	14.38	16.61	21.03	27.04	18.14	17.18
Q5	1739	14.18	12.13	19.26	35.02	15.93	17.65
Self-reported health
Good	5795	47.11	40.53	15.79	19.36	8.75	15.57	< 0.001
Not-Good	6504	52.89	33.81	16.19	20.27	21.80	7.93	< 0.001
Self-reported depression
No	9823	79.87	37.78	16.65	18.77	13.52	13.27	< 0.001
Yes	2476	20.13	33.76	13.41	24.11	24.11	4.60	< 0.001
Perceived quality of life
Good	9747	79.25	40.75	15.47	17.58	16.59	9.61	< 0.001
Not-good	2552	20.75	22.57	18.03	28.49	12.07	18.85	< 0.001
Life satisfaction
Satisfactory	6124	49.80	44.40	16.19	15.82	16.37	7.22	< 0.001
Not-satisfactory	6175	50.20	29.62	15.81	23.84	14.93	15.81	< 0.001