Table 3.

Association between financial stress and self-reported depression

	Overall	China	Ghana	India	Russia	South Africa
Model 1
Has Money (Completely)
Moderately	1.03 (0.86,1.23)	0.41** (0.24,0.70)	1.16 (0.54,2.45)	1.90** (1.27,2.85)	1.31* (1.01,1.70)	0.70 (0.33,1.47)
A Little	1.97*** (1.67,2.32)	3.07*** (1.95,4.86)	1.42 (0.70,2.90)	2.82*** (1.85,4.29)	1.74*** (1.29,2.34)	0.58 (0.28,1.19)
Not at All	2.66*** (2.19,3.23)	4.66** (1.61,13.48)	2.96** (1.45,6.05)	2.75*** (1.70,4.46)	2.98*** (2.19,4.06)	0.73 (0.33,1.58)
Model 2
Income quintile (Q1)
Q2	0.58*** (0.49,0.67)	0.23*** (0.14,0.39)	1.43 (0.97,2.10)	0.88 (0.63,1.22)	0.73* (0.54,0.97)	1.25 (0.52,3.00)
Q3	0.26*** (0.22,0.31)	0.03*** (0.01,0.05)	1.28 (0.86,1.90)	0.61** (0.43,0.87)	0.77 (0.57,1.03)	2.12 (0.93,4.85)
Q4	0.53*** (0.45,0.63)	0.20*** (0.11,0.36)	1.26 (0.83,1.93)	0.68* (0.48,0.98)	0.92 (0.66,1.28)	2.07 (0.90,4.78)
Q5	0.33*** (0.27,0.40)	0.10*** (0.04,0.24)	0.58* (0.35,0.96)	0.28*** (0.18,0.44)	0.65* (0.45,0.94)	3.79** (1.61,8.89)
Model 3
Has Money (Completely)
Moderately	1.11 (0.93,1.32)	0.68 (0.40,1.17)	1.11 (0.52,2.37)	1.61* (1.06,2.44)	1.29 (,1.68)	0.79 (0.37,1.67)
A Little	1.92*** (1.62,2.27)	2.90*** (1.79,4.69)	1.34 (0.65,2.74)	2.19*** (1.41,3.40)	1.70*** (1.26,2.29)	0.78 (0.36,1.65)
Not at All	2.37*** (1.95,2.88)	2.30 (0.81,6.55)	2.82** (1.36,5.82)	2.03** (1.23,3.36)	2.87*** (2.10,3.93)	1.00 (0.45,2.26)
Income quintile (Q1)
Q2	0.61*** (0.52,0.72)	0.29*** (0.17,0.49)	0.89 (0.52,1.51)	0.92 (0.66,1.29)	0.79 (0.59,1.07)	1.30 (0.52,3.24)
Q3	0.29*** (0.24,0.34)	0.03*** (0.01,0.06)	1.60* (1.08,2.38)	0.65* (0.45,0.93)	0.88 (0.65,1.20)	2.29 (0.97,5.44)
Q4	0.61*** (0.51,0.72)	0.30*** (0.16,0.57)	1.62* (1.07,2.45)	0.77 (0.53,1.11)	1.02 (0.72,1.43)	2.35 (0.98,5.63)
Q5	0.40*** (0.33,0.49)	0.16*** (0.07,0.39)	1.67* (1.08,2.59)	0.37*** (0.23,0.58)	0.78 (0.53,1.13)	4.09** (1.65,10.13)

Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets.

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001