Table 4.

Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure, 2016/17

Catastrophic health expenditure (10% of household expenditure)
Independent Variables	Odds-ratio (OR)	SE.	z	P > z	[95% CI]
Poverty (poor = 1, non-poor = 0)	0.4	0.0	−8.2	0.0	0.3	0.5
Residence (urban = 1, rural = 0)	0.8	0.1	−1.9	0.1	0.7	1.0
Region (R = central)
Eastern	0.8	0.1	−1.5	0.1	0.7	1.1
Northern	0.9	0.1	−0.6	0.6	0.8	1.2
Western	0.8	0.1	−1.6	0.1	0.7	1.0
Household size	1.1	0.0	2.7	0.0	1.0	1.1
Sex of household head (male = 1, female = 0)	0.9	0.1	−1.0	0.3	0.7	1.2
Employment (R = formal)
Casual/Subsistence	1.1	0.1	0.5	0.6	0.9	1.3
Unemployed	1.3	0.2	1.9	0.1	1.0	1.6
Children below 5 (yes = 1, no = 0)	1.3	0.1	3.1	0.0	1.1	1.5
Adults above 60 (yes = 1, no = 0)	1.4	0.2	3.3	0.0	1.2	1.7
Education (R = no formal education)
Primary level	1.1	0.1	0.7	0.5	0.9	1.4
Secondary level	1.0	0.1	−0.2	0.9	0.7	1.3
Tertiary	0.7	0.2	−1.7	0.1	0.5	1.1
Marital status (married = 1, not married = 0)	1.3	0.2	2.0	0.0	1.0	1.7
_cons	0.1	0.0	−13.5	0.0	0.1	0.2
Log pseudo likelihood = −14,632,786
Number of obs = 15,349
Wald chi2(15) = 135.0
Prob > chi2 = 0.000
Pseudo R2 = 0.013

R = Reference category

Source: Authors’ computation based on the UNHS 2016/17 data