Fig. 1.

Social distancing by altruism and sensitivity to shame. Each row shows the distribution of responses to the following question: ‘has your frequency of going out for dinners increased or decreased since last March?’ The first two rows divide the sample according to the respondent's altruism, elicited by the following question: ‘do you think it is important to help people around you and make them happy?’ The first row presents those who answered affirmatively, whereas the second row corresponds to those with neutral or negative responses. Similarly, the third and fourth rows divide the sample by the respondents' sensitivity to shame, elicited by the following question: ‘do you think it is important to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong?’ These questions on altruism and sensitivity to shame are modified from the World Values Survey. Our survey (n = 2177) was conducted between April 28 and May 7, using an access panel provided by Rakuten Insight.