Table 1:

Fermentable Oligosaccharide Monosaccharide Disaccharide and Polyol (FODMAP) Carbohydrates: Type, Structure, Factors Related to Malabsorption, Example of Potentially Relevant Microbiome Enzymes/Pathways, and Examples of Common Foods Containing the Delineated FODMAP

FODMAP Carbohydrate	Structure	Factors Related to Malabsorption	Example of Associated Microbial Enzyme/Pathway	Examples of Common Foods Containing the Carbohydrate
Fructose	Monosaccharide	Passive absorption	Fructose-6-phosphate shunt	Honey, apples
Lactose	Disaccharide	Diminishing lactase enzyme expression in majority	β-galactosidase	Dairy products, milk, cheese
Fructans	Oligosaccharide – primarily fructose polymers	Lack hydrolases to metabolize	β-fructofuranosidase	Wheat, onions
Galactans	Oligosaccharide – primarily galactose polymers	Lack hydrolases to metabolize	α-galactosidase	Beans, legumes
Polyols	Sugar alcohol	Passive absorption	Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Watermelon, pears