Table 2. Demographic and clinical data for each REs group.
| Variable | Total (n = 116) | Low (n = 39) | Middle (n = 39) | High (n = 38) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REs (%) | 44.2 ± 26.4 | 15.2 ± 17.0 | 45.5 ± 6.1* | 72.7 ± 10.7*† | < 0.01 |
| BNP (pg/ml) mean ± SD | 91 ± 139 | 151 ± 217 | 69 ± 61* | 54 ± 48* | < 0.01 |
| HF Stage, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 3 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.2) | 0 (0) | |
| A | 24 (20.7) | 9 (23.0) | 6 (15.3) | 9 (23.7) | 0.86 |
| B | 56 (48.3) | 10 (25.6) | 23 (59.0) | 23 (60.5) | < 0.01 |
| C | 33 (28.4) | 19 (48.8) | 8 (20.5) | 6 (15.8) | < 0.01 |
| D | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| CTR (%) | 55.8 ± 6.2 | 57.1 ± 7.1 | 55.3 ± 5.4 | 54.8 ± 6.0 | 0.24 |
| Age (years) | 82 ± 8 | 85 ± 8 | 81 ± 8* | 78 ± 7 * | < 0.01 |
| Male, n, (%) | 26 (22) | 8 (21) | 9 (23) | 9 (24) | 0.94 |
| Period from injury to hospitalization (day) | 26 ± 11 | 28 ± 12 | 25 ± 11 | 27 ± 10 | 0.40 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 75 ± 19 | 72 ± 21 | 79 ± 18 | 73 ± 16 | 0.16 |
| Height (cm) | 150.5 ± 9.6 | 146.4 ± 9.4 | 153.2 ± 9.1* | 152.2 ± 9.1* | < 0.01 |
| Weight at admission (kg) | 46.4 ± 9.6 | 42.9 ± 9.0 | 47.1 ± 9.4 | 49.4 ± 9.3* | < 0.01 |
| BMI at admission (kg/m2) | 20.4 ± 3.6 | 20.0 ± 3.4 | 20.1 ± 3.8 | 21.3 ± 3.7 | 0.23 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 11.9 ± 7.5 | 8.7 ± 5.2 | 13.2 ± 6.9* | 16.6 ± 7.7*† | < 0.01 |
| FOIS at admission | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.1* | 6.5 ± 0.6* | < 0.01 |
| FIM at admission (score) | |||||
| Motor FIM | 35 ± 13 | 29 ± 10 | 35 ± 14* | 43 ± 12*† | < 0.01 |
| Cognitive FIM | 20 ± 7 | 15 ± 7 | 21 ± 5* | 25 ± 5*† | < 0.01 |
| Total FIM | 56 ± 18 | 43 ± 15 | 56 ± 17* | 68 ± 15*† | < 0.01 |
| Provided energy (kcal/day) | 1578 ± 213 | 1584 ± 219 | 1590 ± 201 | 1559 ± 222 | 0.80 |
| Albumin at admission (mg/dl) | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.7* | < 0.05 |
| GNRI at admission | 88.2 ± 11.8 | 84.7 ± 10.8 | 87.8 ± 9.9 | 92.2 ± 13.5* | < 0.05 |
| CHE at admission (IU/l) | 204 ± 75 | 180 ± 57 | 204 ± 48 | 227 ± 58* | < 0.05 |
| CRP at admission (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.11 |
| Hb at admission (g/dl) | 10.9 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 1.4 | 10.7 ± 1.2 | 11.5 ± 1.7*† | < 0.01 |
| Cre at admission (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.31 |
| eGFR at admission (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 68.1 ± 24.7 | 71.6 ± 23.9 | 68.6 ± 25.0 | 64.1 ± 25.4 | 0.41 |
| Weight at discharge (kg) | 46.9 ± 9.4 | 42.9 ± 8.0 | 48.1 ± 9.7* | 49.7 ± 9.3* | < 0.01 |
| BMI at discharge (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 3.5 | 20.0 ± 3.2 | 20.5 ± 3.7 | 21.4 ± 3.6 | 0.23 |
| FOIS at discharge | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.0* | 6.4 ± 0.7* | < 0.01 |
| FIM at discharge (score) | |||||
| Motor FIM | 61 ± 19 | 39 ± 14 | 64 ± 8* | 79 ± 8*† | < 0.01 |
| Cognitive FIM | 23 ± 7 | 17 ± 6 | 24 ± 5* | 30 ± 4*† | < 0.01 |
| Total FIM | 84 ± 26 | 56 ± 18 | 87 ± 11* | 109 ± 9*† | < 0.01 |
| Albumin at discharge (mg/dl) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5* | 3.5 ± 0.5* | < 0.01 |
| GNRI at discharge | 89.7 ± 11.4 | 85.3 ± 11.6 | 90.6 ± 10.9* | 93.3 ± 10.5* | < 0.01 |
| CHE at discharge (IU/l) | 213 ± 57 | 193 ± 64 | 215 ± 51 | 231 ± 49* | < 0.05 |
| CRP at discharge (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 2.1 | 1.5 ± 3.0 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.4* | 0.12 |
| Rehabilitation outcome | |||||
| Rehabilitation time/day (min) | 120 ± 16 | 116 ± 18 | 122 ± 14 | 123 ± 13* | 0.08 |
| Motor FIM gain (score) | 25 ± 14 | 11 ± 11 | 29 ± 8* | 36 ± 8*† | < 0.01 |
| Total FIM gain (score) | 28 ± 16 | 12 ± 13 | 32 ± 8* | 41 ± 9*† | < 0.01 |
| Motor FIM effectiveness (%) | 48.6 ± 28.3 | 17.7 ± 19.6 | 51.6 ± 8.9* | 77.3 ± 12.3*† | < 0.01 |
| Discharge to home (%) | 62 (73/116) | 31 (12/39) | 67 (26/39) | 89 (18/38) | < 0.01 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Fisher’s PLSD test. χ2-test. Significant Difference: p<0.05 *) vs. the Low Group, †) vs. the Middle Group.
BMI = body mass index; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; CHE = cholinesterase; Cre = creatinine; CRP = plasma C-reactive protein; CTR = cardio thoracic ratio; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIM = functional independence measure; FOIS = functional oral intake scale; GNRI = geriatric nutritional risk index, Hb = hemoglobin; REs, rehabilitation effectiveness.