Table 1. Included studies in the category “Usage of traditional medicine”.

Author	Year	Location	N	Key Findings
Garro [80]	1988	Ojibwe community, Manitoba	35	Four informants stated they did not use traditional medicine while the majority reported successful treatments with most reporting at least three episodes of traditional medicine treatment.
Waldram [81]	1990	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan	226	19% had a past consultation with a traditional healer. 27% had used herbal medicines or sweetgrass with the majority being within the last three months. 100% of those that had a past consultation with a traditional healer had an Indigenous language as their first language.
Garro [82]	1991	Anishinaabe reserve community, Manitoba	468	17% of cases involved visits to medicine men to request a diagnosis. Visits to an Anishinaabe healer occurred in 21% of the cases. 7% of visits to medicine men took place without consulting physicians, either prior to or after the visit to the medicine man. Of the 61 households visited, 62% reported visits to medicine men during the case collection period. In all but a few cases, treatment by medicine men was viewed positively by the reporting households for the specific illness condition in question.
Marbella et al. [83]	1998	Urban Indian Health Service clinic in Milwaukee, Wisc.	150	38% of the patients see a healer, and of those who do not, 86% would consider seeing one in the future. Sweat lodge ceremonies, spiritual healing, and herbal remedies were the most common treatments. More than a third of the patients seeing healers received different advice from their physicians and healers. The patients rate their healer’s advice higher than their physician’s advice 61.4% of the time. Only 14.8% of the patients seeing healers tell their physician about their use.
Kim et al. [84]	1998	Navajo Reservation-Indian Health Service Hospital	300	62% of Navajo patients had used Native healers and 39% used Native healers on a regular basis.
Wyrostok et al. [85]	2000	Canadian First Nation Students	99	Over 80% of respondents affirmed there interest in learning more about Native healing. Participants strongly supported traditional healing practices as something that should not be forgotten. 80.8% of participants reported at least some previous experiences with specific traditional healing practices.
Buchwald et al. [86]	2000	Urban primary care program, The Seattle Indian Health Board	869	70% of urban American Indian/Alaskan Native patients in primary care often used traditional health practices and use was strongly associated with cultural affiliation.
Gurley et al. [87]	2001	Vietnam veterans in the reservation communities of the Southwest and Northern Plains	621	17.1% of the Southwest reservation respondents and 4.7% of the Northern Plains reservation respondents saw a traditional healer for a physical health problem. 18.5% of the Southwest reservation respondents and 5.0% of the Northern Plains reservation respondents saw a traditional healer for a mental health problem.
Van Sickle et al. [88]	2003	Navajo families with asthmatic members	35	46% of families had previously used traditional healing; however, only 29% sought traditional healing for asthma.
Novins et al. [89]	2004	Enrolled members of a Northern Plains or a Southwest tribe	2595	Traditional healing provided a greater proportion of care for psychiatric (63.8% in the Southwest, 36.1% in the Northern Plains) than for physical health problems (44.6% and 13.9%). Compared with their counterparts in the Northern Plains, service users from the Southwest were more likely to use traditional healing only (22.0% vs. 3.5%) for physical health problems.
Cook [90]	2005	Mi'kmaq First Nation community health clinic	100	66% of respondents had used Mi’kmaq medicine, and 92.4% of these respondents had not discussed this with their physician. Of those who had used Mi’kmaq medicine, 24.3% use it as first-line treatment when they are ill, and 31.8% believe that Mi’kmaq medicine is better overall than Western. Even among patients who have not used Mi’kmaq medicine, 5.9% believe that it is more effective than Western medicine in treating illness.
Moghaddam et al. [91]	2013	Urban Indian health and community center (AIHFS), Detroit	389	Analyses indicated that experiences of discrimination in healthcare settings were significantly associated with participation in traditional healing. Nearly half of the Detroit sample (48%, n = 185) had used traditional services.
Greensky et al. [92]	2014	Fond du Lac Band Reservation	21	66% of participants described using traditional practices for healing and pain relief; 90% of individuals interviewed endorsed inclusion of traditional health practices into their medical care.
George et al. [52]	2017	Two First Nations communities in Ontario	613	About 15% of participants used both traditional medicines and healers, 15% used traditional medicines only, 3% used a traditional healer only, and 63% did not use either. Of those who did not use traditional healing practices, 51% reported that they would like to use them. Common reasons for not using traditional practices were not knowing enough about them, and not knowing how to access or where to access them.