Table 3. Group characteristics and comparisons of outcome measures.
| Chronic pain | Non-chronic pain | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty | Pre-frailty | Non-frailty | Frailty | Pre-frailty | Non-frailty | |
| (n = 8) | (n = 43) | (n = 33) | (n = 1) | (n = 8) | (n = 14) | |
| Age | 768.4(6.7) | 71.8 (9.8) | 71.7 (7.3) | 72.0 (0) | 74.1 (8.4) | 71.3 (7.9) |
| Height | 145.1 (3.1) | 151.1 (5.9) | 152.6 (4.7) | 153.0 (0) | 150.6 (5.4) | 152.8 (5.2) |
| Weight | 45.9 (6.7) | 50.6 (7.2) | 54.9 (9.1) | 51.3 (0) | 50.7 (5.3) | 54.1 (8.7) |
| BMI | 21.9 (3.4) | 22.1 (2.9) | 23.5 (4.3) | 21.9 (0) | 22.3 (1.6) | 23.3 (4.3) |
| BFM | 13.9 (6.5) | 15.7 (5.2) | 18.2 (6.4) | 15.9 (0) | 17.3 (3.4) | 17.4 (6.3) |
| SMI | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.7) | 5.7 (0) | 5.5 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.8) |
| Pain intensity | 5.3 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.3)** | 2.0 (0) | 2.4 (1.5)** | 1.4 (1.4)**,# |
| Site of pain, n (%) | ||||||
| Neck | 0 (0) | 3 (7.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Shoulder | 2 (25) | 3 (7.0) | 21 (63.6) | 1 (100) | 5 (62.5) | 0 (0) |
| Upper limb | 2 (25) | 3 (7.0) | 2 (6.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Lumbar | 3 (37.5) | 23 (53.5) | 15 (45.5) | 1 (100) | 4 (50) | 1 (7.1) |
| Hip | 1 (12.5) | 7 (16.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Knee | 4 (50) | 27 (62.8) | 7 (21.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (62.5) | 0 (0) |
| Under knee | 1 (37.5) | 19 (44.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (50) | 0 (0) |
| PCS total score | 21.5 (8.4) | 21.0 (8.7) | 14.5 (9.2)* | 0 | 6.1 (4.2)** | 10.4 (12.9)** |
| Rumination | 11.4 (3.7) | 10.8 (4.4) | 8.4 (4.5) | 0 | 3.4 (1.9)**,# | 5.4 (5.8)** |
| Helplessness | 8.4 (3.2) | 6.0 (3.2) | 3.6 (3.6)** | 0 | 1.9 (2.0)** | 2.6 (4.7)** |
| Magnification | 3.8 (3.7) | 4.3 (2.9) | 2.5 (2.6)* | 0 | 0.8 (1.6)* | 2.4 (3.2)* |
| CSI | 14.4 (4.9) | 11.3 (7.2) | 6.8 (3.3)* | 10.0 (0) | 7.9 (4.3) | 6.3 (4.4)* |
| GDS score | 6.3 (2.1) | 4.7 (3.4) | 5.1 (2.5)** | 4.0 (0) | 5.1 (2.5)# | 3.5 (3.1) |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.09 (0.3) | 1.21 (0,22) | 1.34 (0.17)* | 1.39 (0) | 1.26 (0.14) | 1.34 (0.19) |
| Grip strength | 15.0 (2.3) | 21.0 (4.6) | 22.3 (4.6) | 16.4 (0) | 19.2 (5.9) | 21.7 (2.1) |
*p<0.05 (vs. chronic pain with pre-frailty)
**p<0.01 (vs. chronic pain with pre-frailty)
#p<0.05 (vs. chronic pain with non-frailty). BMI: body mass index, BFM: body fat mass, CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory, GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15, SMI: skeletal muscle mass index.