Table 4. Hierarchical regression analysis identifying the factors associated with the presence of chronic pain with pre-frailty.

Independent variables	OR	95%CI	p-value
Model 1
Age	1.01	0.97–1.06	0.49
Height	1.27	0.78–2.08	0.34
Weight	0.77	0.39–1.52	0.44
BMI	2.11	0.41–10.77	0.37
Model 2
Age	1.02	0.97–1.07	0.53
Height	1.31	0.74–2.31	0.35
Weight	0.75	0.34–1.63	0.47
BMI	2.31	0.36–14.8	0.38
Rumination	0.9	0.81–1.01	0.09
Helplessness	0.85	0.73–0.98	0.03
GDS score	0.86	0.73–1.01	0.06
Model 3
Age	1.00	0.94–1.06	0.69
Height	1.63	0.88–2.99	0.15
Weight	0.57	0.25–1.23	0.19
BMI	4.6	0.64–33.1	0.23
Rumination	0.93	0.82–1.06	0.48
Helplessness	0.88	0.75–1.04	0.03
GDS score	0.94	0.78–1.13	0.63
CSI	0.85	0.75–0.96	0.01
Model 4
Age	1.00	0.95–1.08	0.65
Height	1.62	0.87–3.03	0.13
Weight	0.55	0.24–1.28	0.16
BMI	5.15	0.68–38.9	0.11
Rumination	0.93	0.82–1.06	0.26
Helplessness	0.88	0.75–1.04	0.04
GDS score	0.90	0.74–1.10	0.29
CSI	0.87	0.76–0.98	0.03
Gait speed (m/s)	23.10	1.55–34.48	0.06

BMI: body mass index, CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory

GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15.