Table 2.
Characteristics of the patients on ECMO day 1 according to their endpoint state on July 10, 2020
| All patients (N=83) | Alive and discharged from the ICU (n=48)* | Alive and still in the ICU (n=5)† | Died (n=30) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of ECMO support | |||||
| Femoral–jugular, venovenous | 79 (95%) | 47 (98%) | 4 (80%) | 28 (93%) | |
| Femoral–femoral, venovenous | 2 (2%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (7%) | |
| Femoral–femoral, venoarterial | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (20%) | 0 | |
| Femoral–jugular–femoral, venoarterial-venous | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 0 | |
| 29 Fr drainage cannula | 57 (69%) | 33 (69%) | 3 (60%) | 21 (70%) | |
| Return cannula | |||||
| 17 Fr | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 1 (3%) | |
| 19 Fr | 21 (25%) | 15 (31%) | 0 | 6 (20%) | |
| 21 Fr | 42 (51%) | 21 (44%) | 4 (80%) | 17 (57%) | |
| 23 Fr | 18 (22%) | 11 (23%) | 1 (20%) | 6 (20%) | |
| ECMO blood flow L/min | 5·1 (4·6–5·5) | 5·1 (4·6–5·5) | 5·0 (4·0–5·3) | 5·1 (4·6–5·5) | |
| Sweep gas flow, L/min | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–7) | 3·5 (3·0–5) | 5 (4–6) | |
| Membrane FmO2 | 100% (100–100) | 100% (100–100) | 100% (100–100) | 100% (97–100) | |
| Total SOFA score day 1 | 11 (9–14) | 10 (9–12) | 11 (9–17) | 12 (11–16) | |
| Renal component of the SOFA score of 3 or greater | 20 (24%) | 7 (15%) | 2 (40%) | 11 (37%) | |
| Cardiovascular component of the SOFA score of 3 or greater | 43 (52%) | 20 (42%) | 3 (60%) | 20 (67%) | |
| Haematological component of the SOFA score of 3 or greater | 4 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (20%) | 2 (7%) | |
| Ventilation parameters | |||||
| FiO2 | 55 (40–80) | 60 (30–80) | 40 (30–70) | 55 (43–70) | |
| Positive end-expiratory pressure, cm H2O | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–12) | 12 (12–12) | |
| Tidal volume, mL/kg predicted bodyweight | 2·5 (1·8–4·2) | 2·9 (1·9–4·2) | 2·5 (2·3–2·8) | 2·2 (1·4–4·2) | |
| Respiratory rate, number per min | 20 (20–24) | 20 (20–25) | 20 (20–24) | 20 (20–24) | |
| Plateau pressure, cm H2O | 27 (27–30) | 27 (24–30) | 27 (27–27) | 28 (27–30) | |
| Driving pressure, cm H2O | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–12) | 14 (12–15) | |
| Compliance, mL/cm H2O | 12·5 (9·0–20·0) | 13·3 (9·6–20·1) | 15·9 (13·2–16·7) | 10·9 (7·7–18·8) | |
| Mechanical power, J/min | 6·1 (4·1–11·0) | 6·8 (4·5–12·4) | 7·1 (5·6–11·1) | 6·1 (4·0–9·9) | |
| Ventilatory ratio | 0·7 (0·4–1·1) | 0·8 (0·5–1·1) | 0·6 (0·4–1·0) | 0·7 (0·4–1·1) | |
| Ventilation mode | |||||
| Airway pressure release ventilation/bilevel PAPV | 70 (84%) | 42 (88%) | 4 (80%) | 24 (80%) | |
| Volume-assist control ventilation | 13 (16%) | 6 (13%) | 1 (20%) | 6 (20%) | |
| Blood gases on ECMO day one | |||||
| pH | 7·40 (7·36–7·47) | 7·40 (7·37–7·46) | 7·32 (7·29–7·48) | 7·41 (7·34–7·48) | |
| PaO2, mm Hg | 82 (70–100) | 84 (71–101) | 79 (72–80) | 82 (64–98) | |
| PaCO2, mm Hg | 45 (40–50) | 47 (40–50) | 48 (43–51) | 42 (38–47) | |
| SaO2 | 96% (93–98) | 96% (94–98) | 96% (94–97) | 96% (92–97) | |
| Arterial lactate, mmol/L | 1·7 (1·4–2·1) | 1·7 (1·4–2·1) | 2·1 (1·9–2·1) | 1·7 (1·4–2·1) | |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Platelets, × 109 cells per L | 236 (176–299) | 242 (187–286) | 375 (175–398) | 214 (139–305) | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 9·0 (7·9–10·2) | 9·6 (8·1–10·6) | 7·9 (7·7–10·5) | 8·5 (7·9–9·1) | |
| Fibrinogen, g/L‡ | 6·7 (5·6–8·1) | 7·1 (6·0–8·4) | 5·2 (3·1–7·0) | 6·4 (5·3–7·9) | |
| d–Dimers, ng/mL§ | 6890 (2350–19460) | 8065 (2110–19730) | 7495 (4502–12710) | 5620 (2970–10790) | |
| aPTT ratio | 1·3 (1·2–1·6) | 1·2 (1·1–1·5) | 1·6 (1·2–1·6) | 1·4 (1·3–1·8) | |
| Adjuvant therapy on ECMO day 1 | |||||
| Any | 70 (84%) | 41 (85%) | 2 (40%) | 27 (90%) | |
| Neuromuscular blockade | 70 (84%) | 41 (85%) | 2 (40%) | 27 (90%) | |
| Prone-positioning | 7 (8%) | 6 (13%) | 0 | 1 (3%) | |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 3 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 2 (7%) | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 12 (14%) | 4 (8%) | 2 (40%) | 6 (20%) | |
| Pneumothorax | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 1 (3%) | |
| Cardiac arrest | 2 (2%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (7%) | |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). aPTT=activated partial thromboplastin time. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ICU=intensive care unit. FiO2=fraction of inspired oxygen. PaO2=partial pressure of arterial oxygen. PaCO2=partial pressure of arterial CO2. PAPV=positive airway pressure ventilation. SOFA=Sequential Organ-Function Assessment.
*
On July 10, 2020, of the 48 patients discharged from the ICU, 14 were still hospitalised or in a rehabilitation centre and 34 returned home.
†
On July 10, 2020, of the five patients still in the ICU, one remained on ECMO.
‡
78 patients.
§
63 patients.