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. 2020 Aug 14;32(8):1609–1612. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01619-8

Table 1.

COVID-19 cases and deaths at two different stages of the current wave of infections in European countries

Countries Vitamin D level mean (nmol/L) 8 April 2020
(Most countries before peak)
12 May 2020
(All countries post peak)
Cases/million population Deaths/million population Cases/million population Deaths/million population
Iceland 57 4736 18 5278 29
Norway 65 1123 19 1500 41
Sweden 73.5 834 68 2641 322
Finland 67.7 449 7 1080 49
Denmark 65 933 38 1815 92
UK 47.4 895 105 3286 472
Ireland 56.4 1230 48 4685 297
Netherlands 59.5 1199 131 2497 318
Belgium 49.3 2019 193 4612 751
Germany 50.1 1309 25 2060 91
France 60 1671 167 2718 408
Switzerland 46 2686 103 3506 213
Italy 50 2306 292 3636 508
Spain 42.5 3137 314 5735 572
Estonia 51 893 18 1312 46
Czechia 62.5 488 9 763 26
Slovakia 81.5 125 0.4 267 5
Hungary 60.6 93 6 340 44
Turkey 51.8 453 10 1657 46
Portugal 39 1289 37 2715 112
Average 56.8 1393.4 80.4 2605.1 222.1
STDEV 10.6 1130.0 94.6 1601.1 221.4

In the table, cases/deaths per million population and vitamin D levels are rounded off to single decimal place