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. 2020 Aug 14;28(10):1149–1154. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.003

Table 2.

Relationship between Demographic Variables and Self-Medication before and during COVID-19 Outbreak.

Socio-demographic Self-medication Self-medication during COVID-19 before COVID-19
χ2 p value
n (%) n (%)
1. Gender Female 129(56.3) 66(44.0) 5.518 0.019
Male 100(43.7) 84(56.0)



2. Education College Diploma 83(36.2) 70(46.7) 4.090 0.043
University 146(63.8) 80(53.3)



3. Age 18–30 69(30.1) 59(39.3) 10.592 0.014
31–40 111(48.5) 48(32.0)
41–50 37()16.2 35(23.3)
51–60 12(5.2) 8(5.4)



4. Marital status Single 119(52.0) 32(21.3) 36.606 0.000
Married 110(48.0) 118(78.7)



5. Geographical location Rural 57(24.9) 42(28.0) 1.353 0.509
Peri-urban 65(28.4) 47(31.3)
Urban 107(46.7) 61(40.7)



6. Physical activity Yes 181(79.0) 48(21.0) 9.578 0.002
No 97(64.7) 53(35.3)



7. Drug reaction event Yes 135(59.0) 94(41.0) 14.759 0.000
No 117(78.0) 33(22.0)



8. Health status Perfect health 38(16.6) 37(24.7) 3.860 0.145
Good health 177(77.3) 106(70.7)
Average health 14(6.1) 7(4.7)



9. Psychiatric condition Yes 205(89.5) 24(10.5) 0.132 0.716
No 136(90.7) 14(9.3)



10. Sleeping pattern More than 8 hrs 28(12.2) 28(18.7) 3.523 0.172
5–8 hrs 187(81.7) 116(77.3)
1–4 hrs 14(6.1) 6(4.0)