Table 1.

Summary of recent progress of using H₂S- and NO-based treatment to AKI.

Specie	Donor molecule	Concentration	Model	Main biological effects	Ref
H2S	AP39	30 – 300 nM, 0.1−0.3 mg/kg	In vitro kidney epithelial cell (NRK-F), in vivo rat reperfusion model	Inhibition of ROS caused by glucose oxidation and protection from ischemia	[46]
	GYY4137	12.5–50 mg/(kg ∙ day)	In vivo male Sprague-Dawley rats reperfusion model	Protective effects against reperfusion injury through attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis	[45]
	Na2S, TV, GYY4137, AP39	1 μmol/L, 4 μmol/L, 26 μmol/L, and 250 nmol/L, respectively	Ischemia-reperfusion injury animal model	Important results were observed regarding NOS inhibition and phosphorylation	[47]
	NaHS	400−800 μmol/L	In vitro and in vivo contrast-induced acute kidney injury models	Considerable reduction in levels of inflammation and cell death	[48]
	NaHS	100 μmol/kg	Acute kidney injury animal model	Decrease of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tumor necrotizing factor-α, ROS and increase of antioxidative levels	[27]
	NaHS	2 mg/kg	Animal model of endotoxemia	pro-inflammatory was observed by higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10	[49]
NO	Inhaled NO	During surgery	Patients with acute lung injuries undergoing lung transplantation	Inhaled NO demonstrated positive effects on renal, hepatic and splanchnic perfusion	[80]
	Nitrite	10−9-10-4 mol/L	Mice model of ischemia-reperfusion injury	Vasodilation effects due to nitrite was significantly enhanced during hypoxia with low pH	[81]
	Nitrite	200 mmol/kg	Rat experimental model of crush syndrome	Inflammation decrease and prevention of damages associated with ischemic injury	[63]
	Beetroot juice	300 mg	Patients with kidney disease	Treatment led to lower renal resistive index and blood pressure	[65]
	NO-EDV	1.2; 6 and 30 μmol/kg	Rat model of renal ischemia and reperfusion	Mitigation of renal dysfunction, in a concentration dependent manner. Protective effect in higher concentration.	[68]
	PDNO	60−180 nmol/(kg •min)	Sheep mode of kidney ischemia and reperfusion	Increased creatinine clearance, diuresis, renal oxygen and decreased mean arterial blood pressured	[69]
	GSNO	50 μg/kg	Rat mode of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis	Renoprotective effects by inhibiting fibrosis factors	[77]
	S-nitrosated HSA	50 μmol/L	Kidney disease rat model	Protective effect through the inhibition of IL-6 and TGF-β, decreasing oxidative stress	[78]
	SNP	Pre-treatment (5 mg/kg), post-treatment (10 μg/kg •min)	Pat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion	Alleviation of deleterious effects, NOS inhibition and reduction in the Na-K ATPase activity	[79]
	Glutamyl-protected N‑hydroxyguanidin	50 μmol/L	Rat isolated perfused kidneys	Prevention of the damaging effects of vasoconstriction in acute renal failure	[82]