Fig. 1. Trodusquemine reduces the toxicity of HypF-N and Aβ₄₀ oligomers toward human neuroblastoma cells.

a Oligomers of HypF-N (6 µM, monomer equivalents) were resuspended in the cell culture medium in the absence (black) and presence of 10:1, 3:1, and 1:1 (light to dark red) molar ratios of oligomers to trodusquemine (TRO), incubated for 1 h at 37 °C, and subsequently added to the cell culture medium of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h. Untreated cells exposed only to cell culture medium are shown for reference (blue). b Cells were also treated with the corresponding concentrations of trodusquemine (0.6, 2, and 6 µM; gray bars) pre-incubated in the absence of oligomers under the same conditions. c Aβ₄₀ oligomers stabilized by Zn²⁺ (5 µM, monomer equivalents) were incubated and administered to cells under the conditions described in a. Comparisons were carried out by one-way ANOVA relative to untreated cells (indicated by the P values in blue text) and cells treated with oligomers alone (indicated by the P values in black text). All bars indicate mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) of n = 3 biologically independent experiments (dots).