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. 2020 Aug 13;3:436. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01171-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Target gene induction may depend on the dynamics of signaling pathway activation, such as the duration, frequency, or area under the curve of pathway activity. In such cases, the signal-decoding circuitry may be thought of as a dynamic filter. b Target gene induction may also depend on the combination of pathways that are activated, such that signal decoding may be thought of as implementing a logic gate. c The induction of Fos protein is a canonical example of dynamic decoding, where sustained but not transient pulse of Erk results in protein accumulation. Erk-mediated regulation of FOS transcription, fos mRNA stability, and Fos protein stability is thought to mediate this response. d IL-2 induction by T cell stimulation and co-stimulation is thought to occur via combinatorial control. Neither TCR nor CD28 alone are sufficient for protein output but the two together allow for accumulation of IL-2 protein through a multi-step circuit.