Table 1.
List of drugs and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19.
| Targets | Description | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY | |||
| S230.15 mAbs m396 mAbs | RBD–ACE2 interaction | Tested in mice against SARS virus (strains Urbani, rGD03, or rSZ16). | (125) |
| MERS-4 MERS-27 | RBD–DPP4 interaction | Blocks receptor–ligand interaction at the cell surface and prevents syncytia formation. | (126) |
| Tocilizumab | IL-6 receptor | Obstructs IL-6-mediated signal transduction. | (127) |
| Infliximab | TNF | Blocks soluble tumor necrosis factor and signal transduction, which helps maintain remission of COVID-19. | (128) |
| Adalimumab | |||
| Lenzilumab | GM-CSF | Neutralization antibody for GM-CSF that is essential for chronic and acute inflammation in COVID-19. | (129) |
| Gimsilumab | (130) | ||
| Interferons | IFNß-1b | Enhances ISG expression via JAK/STAT signaling. Hinders virus multiplication and shedding. | (131) |
| IFN- λ | (132) | ||
| SMALL-MOLECULE ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | |||
| Aurine tricarboxylic acid | Viral RNA polymerase | Binds to viral polymerase, and tested against SARS virus in in-vitro culture. | (133) |
| Rupintrivir | Viral proteases | Protease inhibitor: inactivates 3CLpro and PLpro. | (134) |
| Benzopurpurin B | NSP15 endo-ribonuclease | Reduces viral infectivity of SARS virus in cell culture by inhibiting NSP15. | (135) |
| C-21 | Angiotensin AT2 receptor | AT2 receptor agonist that may improve the viral damage to the lungs. | (134) |
| β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) | Viral RNA polymerase | Inhibits replication of multiple coronaviruses. Can be used orally. | (136) |
| REPURPOSED FDA-APPROVED DRUGS | |||
| Baricitinib | JAK kinase | Interferes with inflammatory signaling involving Janus kinase. | (137) |
| Lopinavir | Viral protease | Involved in immature, noninfectious HIV virus particle, and inhibits PLpro or 3CLpro in SARS-CoV-2. | (138) |
| Ritonavir | CYP3a (target unknown for coronavirus) | HIV protease inhibitor. No positive response in combination with lopinavir. | (139) |
| Favilavir | Viral RNA polymerase | Purine analog blocking viral RNA synthesis. | (140) |
| Remdesivir | (141) | ||
| Ribavirin | Guanosine nucleoside binds to nucleoside binding pocket of the enzyme. | (133, 140, 142) | |
| Galidesivir | Adenosine analog, effective against Ebola, Zika, and other RNA viruses. | (143) | |
| Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | Heme polymerase and ACE2 | Increases endosomal pH and terminal glycosylation of ACE2, inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry. | (144, 145) |
| Nitazoxanide | Glutathione-S-transferase | Alters pH and inhibits viral maturation. Reported against TB, helminthic, and protozoan infection. | (140) |
| Umifenovir/arbidol | N/A | Interacts with aromatic residues of viral glycoproteins. Is being trialed for prophylactic action against COVID-19. | (146) |