TABLE 2.
Descriptive statistics and correlations of achievement goals, emotions, and task discrepancy.
| Descriptive statistics |
Bivariate correlations |
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| M | SD | Skew | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
| Achievement goals | |||||||||||||||||||
| [1] Learning approach | 6.96 | 1.14 | –1.66 | ||||||||||||||||
| [2] Learning avoidance | 6.13 | 1.76 | –0.91 | 0.54 | |||||||||||||||
| [3] Task approach | 7.25 | 0.85 | –1.61 | 0.55 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||||
| [4] Task avoidance | 7.02 | 1.42 | –2.02 | 0.29 | 0.51 | 0.44 | |||||||||||||
| [5] Appearance approach | 6.02 | 1.48 | –0.78 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
| [6] Appearance avoidance | 6.07 | 1.90 | –0.97 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.60 | |||||||||||
| [7] Normative approach | 3.84 | 1.99 | 0.07 | –0.08 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.44 | ||||||||||
| [8] Normative avoidance | 5.48 | 2.23 | –0.67 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 0.53 | |||||||||
| [9] Relational | 5.11 | 1.59 | –0.24 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.16 | ||||||||
| [10] Work avoidance | 2.85 | 1.78 | 0.82 | −0.29 | −0.19 | −0.35 | −0.13 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.05 | |||||||
| Discrete emotions | |||||||||||||||||||
| [11] Enjoyment | 3.97 | 0.75 | –0.45 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.06 | < 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.08 | −0.16 | ||||||
| [12] Pride | 3.32 | 0.87 | –0.27 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | –0.03 | 0.41 | |||||
| [13] Anger | 2.76 | 0.97 | 0.23 | –0.10 | 0.02 | –0.09 | –0.02 | –0.02 | –0.05 | 0.01 | –0.03 | –0.05 | –0.02 | −0.25 | −0.16 | ||||
| [14] Anxiety | 1.95 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | < 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.14 | –0.05 | 0.22 | |||
| [15] Shame | 1.56 | 0.81 | 1.34 | 0.01 | –0.02 | –0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.12 | −0.18 | −0.10 | 0.21 | 0.41 | ||
| [16] Boredom | 1.77 | 0.91 | 1.13 | −0.16 | −0.11 | 0.13 | −0.11 | –0.03 | –0.03 | 0.05 | –0.05 | 0.06 | 0.21 | −0.24 | −0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.19 | |
| Task discrepancy | 12.00 | 11.65 | 1.47 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.10 | –0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | –0.02 | 0.01 | –0.02 | 0.01 | –0.09 | –0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.04 | −0.01 |
| Control variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Age | 38.44 | 10.10 | 0.78 | –0.01 | < 0.01 | –0.05 | 0.04 | −0.10 | –0.08 | –0.04 | < 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.16 | 0.11 | –0.02 | 0.06 | −0.21 | −0.11 | −0.23 |
| Full professor (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.18 | 0.39 | 1.63 | –0.08 | –0.03 | –0.10 | 0.04 | –0.09 | –0.04 | 0.05 | < 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.08 | –0.06 | –0.07 | −0.13 |
| Ph.D. (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.63 | < 0.01 | –0.02 | 0.05 | –0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.12 | –0.09 | –0.01 | –0.02 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
| Gender (1 = ♂, 2 = ♀) | 1.49 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.04 | −0.15 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | –0.04 | 0.16 | 0.05 | –0.11 |
For (ordinal-scaled) emotions, Spearman’s correlations are presented; otherwise, Pearson’s correlations. Theoretical range for achievement goals: 1–8, emotions: 1–5, and task discrepancy: 0–100%. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) are displayed in boldface.