Table 2.
Amount and type of research on sex robots (N=98 included academic publications, based on literature search in August 2019).
| Reference | Citation counta | Peer review | Academic discipline | |
| Sex robot conceptualization and theory (n=40) | ||||
|
|
Adshade (2017) [72] | 0 | Economics | |
|
|
Barber (2017) [73] | 2 | Creative arts, film, and media | |
|
|
Bołtuć (2017) [74] | 3 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Carpenter (2017) [75] | 2 | Human-technology interaction | |
|
|
Cheok et al (2017) [26] | 3 | Pervasive computing | |
|
|
Cox-George and Bewley (2018) [17] | 6 | Medicine | |
|
|
Cranny-Francis (2016) [76] | 1 | ✓ | Gender studies |
|
|
Danaher (2017) [77] | 4 | Ethics and law | |
|
|
Danaher (2017) [78] | 3 | Ethics and law | |
|
|
Danaher et al (2017) [79] | 8 | Ethics and law | |
|
|
Devlin (2015) [80] | 13 | Computer science | |
|
|
Devlin (2018) [69] | 7 | Computer science | |
|
|
Döring and Pöschl (2018) [11] | 6 | ✓ | Psychology |
|
|
Eggleton (2019) [81] | 1 | Medicine | |
|
|
Evans (2010) [82] | 10 | Robotics | |
|
|
Facchin et al (2017) [83] | 6 | Clinical psychology | |
|
|
Goldfeder and Razin (2015) [84] | 7 | ✓ | Law and religion |
|
|
Gutiu (2016) [85] | 7 | Law | |
|
|
Hall (2017) [86] | 2 | Computer science | |
|
|
Hauskeller (2017) [87] | 1 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Herzfeld (2017) [88] | 1 | Science and religion | |
|
|
Klein and Lin (2018) [89] | 1 | Technology ethics | |
|
|
Kolivand et al (2018) [90] | 1 | Computer science | |
|
|
Lee (2017) [70] | 11 | Media studies | |
|
|
Levy (2007) [1] | 531 | Artificial intelligence | |
|
|
Levy (2017) [91] | 5 | Artificial intelligence | |
|
|
Mackenzie (2018) [24] | 4 | ✓ | Law and medical ethics |
|
|
McArthur and Twist (2017) [68] | 11 | ✓ | Philosophy |
|
|
Migotti and Wyatt (2017) [92] | 0 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Musiał (2019) [93] | 0 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Nyholm and Frank (2017) [94] | 8 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Pearson (2015) [2] | 8 | Futurology | |
|
|
Richardson (2016) [13] | 77 | ✓ | Social anthropology |
|
|
Rousi (2018) [95] | 1 | Cognitive science | |
|
|
Rousi (2018) [96] | 0 | ✓ | Cognitive science |
|
|
Sharkey et al (2017) [97] | 35 | Computer science | |
|
|
Snell (1997) [71] | 9 | Sociology | |
|
|
Søraa (2017) [98] | 9 | ✓ | Interdisciplinary studies of culture |
|
|
Wennerscheid (2018) [99] | 0 | Literary studies | |
|
|
Yeoman and Mars (2012) [15] | 89 | ✓ | Tourism management |
| Ethics of sex robots (n=28) | ||||
|
|
Amuda and Tijani (2012) [100] | 14 | ✓ | Law and theology |
|
|
Bendel (2015) [101] | 23 | Technical philosophy | |
|
|
Bendel (2017) [102] | 9 | Technical philosophy | |
|
|
Beschorner and Krause (2018) [103] | 1 | Business ethics | |
|
|
Carvalho Nascimento et al (2018) [104] | 0 | ✓ | Bioethics |
|
|
Coeckelbergh (2009) [105] | 62 | ✓ | Philosophy of media and technology |
|
|
Di Nucci (2016) [106] | 3 | Ethics | |
|
|
Di Nucci (2017) [107] | 3 | Ethics | |
|
|
Frank and Nyholm (2017) [108] | 13 | ✓ | Philosophy and ethics |
|
|
Goldstein (2017) [109] | 0 | Political science | |
|
|
González-González et al (2019) [110] | 0 | Gender studies | |
|
|
Levy (2012) [14] | 27 | Artificial intelligence | |
|
|
Mackenzie (2014) [111] | 6 | Law and medical ethics | |
|
|
Mackenzie (2018) [23] | 1 | ✓ | Law and medical ethics |
|
|
McArthur (2017) [112] | 2 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Petersen (2017) [113] | 2 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Richardson (2016) [114] | 2 | Social anthropology | |
|
|
Richardson (2016) [115] | 27 | ✓ | Social anthropology |
|
|
Russell (2009) [116] | 8 | ✓ | Law |
|
|
Shen (2019) [117] | 2 | Law | |
|
|
Simmons (2016) [118] | 1 | ✓ | Law |
|
|
Sparrow (2017) [119] | 25 | ✓ | Philosophy |
|
|
Spencer (2011) [120] | 1 | Theology | |
|
|
Sullins (2012) [121] | 75 | ✓ | Philosophy |
|
|
Wagner (2018) [122] | 0 | Robotics | |
|
|
Welsh (2015) [123] | —b | Robot ethics | |
|
|
Whitby (2012) [124] | 0 | Philosophy and ethics | |
|
|
Ziaja (2011) [125] | 7 | Law | |
| Empirical studies on sex robot use and effects (n=12) | ||||
|
|
Appel et al (2019) [126] | 0 | ✓ | Psychology |
|
|
Bartneck and McMullen (2018) [67] | 3 | Human-computer interaction | |
|
|
Edirisinghe and Cheok (2017) [127] | 2 | Human-robot interaction | |
|
|
Edirisinghe et al (2018) [128] | 1 | Human-robot interaction | |
|
|
Korn et al (2018) [129] | 0 | Human-computer interaction | |
|
|
Richards et al (2017) [130] | 8 | Communication | |
|
|
Scheutz and Arnold (2016) [131] | 55 | Computer science | |
|
|
Scheutz and Arnold (2017) [132] | 2 | Computer science | |
|
|
Szczuka and Krämer (2017) [133] | 2 | Psychology | |
|
|
Szczuka and Krämer (2018) [134] | 1 | ✓ | Psychology |
|
|
Szczuka and Krämer (2019) [135] | 0 | ✓ | Psychology |
|
|
Yulianto and Shidarta (2015) [136] | 4 | ✓ | Human-robot interaction |
| Sex robot representations in art and media (n=8) | ||||
|
|
Barber (2009) [137] | 6 | Creative arts, film, and media | |
|
|
Beggan (2017) [138] | 0 | ✓ | Sociology |
|
|
Conn (2017) [139] | 0 | Comparative literature | |
|
|
Döring and Poeschl (2019) [27] | 0 | ✓ | Psychology |
|
|
Gevers (2018) [140] | 0 | Art | |
|
|
Hasse (2019) [141] | 1 | ✓ | Anthropology |
|
|
Hauskeller (2014) [142] | 29 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Hawkes and Lacey (2019) [143] | 0 | ✓ | Media studies |
| Legal regulation of child sex robots (n=6) | ||||
|
|
Behrendt (2018) [18] | 3 | Philosophy | |
|
|
Chatterjee (2019) [52] | 0 | ✓ | Criminology |
|
|
Danaher (2017) [144] | 33 | ✓ | Ethics and law |
|
|
Danaher (2019) [145] | 0 | ✓ | Ethics and law |
|
|
Maras and Shapiro (2017) [20] | 7 | Criminology and law | |
|
|
Strikwerda (2017) [146] | 5 | Law and ethics | |
| Design of sex robots (n=4) | ||||
|
|
Bendel (2018) [147] | 3 | Technical philosophy | |
|
|
Danaher (2017) [148] | 1 | Ethics and law | |
|
|
Gomes and Wu (2018) [9] | 0 | ✓ | Engineering |
|
|
Su et al (2019) [48] | 0 | ✓ | Human-computer interaction |
aCitation count according to Google Scholar in August 2019.
bGoogle Scholar did not list the reference.