Table 3.

Risk factors for EPS in N = 679 brain tumour operations.

Variablea	Mean ± SD/ Nb	EPS	No EPS	pc
Age (years)	59.8 ± 15.0	60.6 ± 16.4	59.8 ± 14.9	ns
Sex
Female	404	20/404 (5.0%)	384/404 (95.0%)	ns
Male	275	14/275 (5.1%)	261/275 (94.9%)
Preoperative KPI
KPI < 70	69	6/69 (10.2%)	63/69 (91.3%)	ns
KPI 70–100	610	28/610 (4.6%)	582/610 (95.4%)
Postoperative KPI
KPI < 70	108	11/108 (10.2%)	97/108 (89.8%)	0.007*
KPI 70–100	571	23/571 (4.0%)	548/571 (96.0%)
Preoperative seizures
No seizure	524	22/524 (4.2%)	502/524 (95.6%)	ns
≥ 1 seizure	155	12/155 (7.7%)	143/155 (92.3%)
No or 1 seizure	597	26/597 (4.4%)	571/597 (95.6%)	0.035*
≥ 2 seizures	82	8/82 (9.8%)	74/82 (90.2%)
Anticonvulsive	141	10/141 (7.1%)	131/141 (92.9%)	ns
No anticonvulsive	537	24/537 (4.5%)	513/537 (95.5%)
Histology
Glioblastoma	177	7/177 (4.0%)	170/177 (96.0%)	< 0.001*
Other glioma	64	2/64 (3.1%)	62/64 (96.9%)
Meningioma	218	22/218 (10.1%)	198/218 (89.9%)
Metastasis	139	2/139 (1.4%)	137/139 (98.6%)
Other	81	1/81 (1.2%)	80/81 (98.8%)
Location
Supratentorial	542	33/542 (6.1%)	509/542 (93.9%)	0.007*
Infratentorial	137	1/137 (0.7%)	136/137 (99.3%)
Intra-axial	406	11/406 (2.7%)	395/406 (97.3%)	0.001*
Extra-axial	273	23/273 (8.4%)	250/273 (91.6%)
Frontal, central, temporal and/or insular lobe involvement/compression	452	32/452 (7.1%)	420/452 (92.9%)	< 0.001*
No	227	2/227 (0.9%)	225/227 (99.1%)
Surgical procedure
Resection	653	34/653 (5.2%)	619/653 (94.8%)	ns
Biopsy	26	0/26 (0%)	26/26 (100%)
Surgery for recurrence	103	4/103 (3.9%)	99/7,103 (96.1%)	ns
First tumours surgery	576	30/576 (5.2%)	546/576 (94.8%)

^aKPI, Karnofsky performance index.

^bAge: Mean ± SD, standard deviation; all other variables: N, number of surgical cases.

^cns, not significant.

*p < 0.05.