Table 3.
Univariate Cox regression model showing risk factors associated with incident MDR-TB in the training and validation sets (N = 1836).
| Variables | Training set (n = 1719)* | Validation set (n = 117)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | HR (95% CI) | P value | No | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| < 60 | 1,108 | 1.90 (1.57–2.31) | < 0.001 | 69 | 2.74 (1.26–6.00) | 0.011 |
| ≥ 60 | 611 | Reference | 48 | Reference | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1,216 | 1.18 (0.85–1.42) | 0.083 | 88 | 1.40 (0.64–3.06) | 0.399 |
| Female | 503 | Reference | 29 | Reference | ||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Han | 1,700 | 1.03 (0.46–2.31) | 0.940 | 114 | 0.98 (0.13–7.17) | 0.986 |
| National minority | 19 | Reference | 3 | Reference | ||
| A history of direct contact | ||||||
| Yes | 225 | 3.25 (2.96–3.56) | < 0.001 | 26 | 3.56 (2.38–5.33) | < 0.001 |
| Unknown | 272 | 1.18 (0.76–1.84) | 0.231 | 20 | 0.99 (0.46–1.69) | 0.213 |
| No | 1,222 | Reference | 71 | Reference | ||
| Family income | ||||||
| Low-income level | 558 | 1.33 (1.13–1.58) | 0.001 | 49 | 1.42 (0.76–2.68) | 0.275 |
| Middle level and above | 1,161 | Reference | 68 | Reference | ||
| Occupational risk | ||||||
| High-risk | 362 | 1.51 (1.26–1.80) | < 0.001 | 33 | 2.22 (1.18–4.18) | 0.013 |
| Non-high-risk | 1,357 | Reference | 84 | Reference | ||
| Education levels | ||||||
| High school and below | 1,270 | 1.26 (1.04–1.54) | 0.022 | 87 | 1.44 (0.69–3.15) | 0.359 |
| Universities and higher | 449 | Reference | 30 | Reference | ||
| Residences | ||||||
| Rural areas | 554 | 1.32 (1.12–1.57) | 0.001 | 36 | 1.45 (0.76–2.76) | 0.265 |
| Urban areas | 1,165 | Reference | 81 | Reference | ||
| Registered household on individuals with CPTBT | ||||||
| Migrants | 768 | 1.13 (0.88–1.34) | 0.143 | 50 | 1.29 (0.68–2.45) | 0.445 |
| Inhabitants | 951 | Reference | 67 | Reference | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Mode of TB case finding | ||||||
| Passive | 418 | 2.76 1.59–4.78) | < 0.001 | 35 | 2.13 (1.12–4.05) | 0.022 |
| Active | 1,301 | Reference | 82 | Reference | ||
| Associated with TB at other sites | ||||||
| Yes | 96 | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 0.663 | 7 | 0.41 (0.06–3.02) | 0.383 |
| No | 1,623 | Reference | 110 | Reference | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Yes | 128 | 0.80 (0.54–1.16) | 0.240 | 15 | 0.93 (0.33–2.64) | 0.892 |
| No | 1,591 | Reference | 102 | Reference | ||
| HIV infection | ||||||
| Positive | 56 | 3.96 (2.97–5.26) | < 0.001 | 9 | 2.96 (1.16–7.61) | 0.024 |
| Negative | 1,663 | Reference | 108 | Reference | ||
| Patients with severe infection | ||||||
| Yes | 124 | 1.07 (0.80–1.45) | 0.660 | 8 | 1.20 (0.37–3.91) | 0.763 |
| No | 1,595 | Reference | 109 | Reference | ||
| Mode of TB case management | ||||||
| FMSM | 236 | 1.16 (0.93–1.44) | 0.197 | 14 | 1.19 (0.49–2.89) | 0.700 |
| CDM | 1,483 | Reference | 103 | Reference | ||
| Different individuals with CPTBT | ||||||
| CRT | 308 | 1.67 (1.38–2.02) | < 0.001 | 43 | 3.66 (1.86–7.21) | < 0.001 |
| CNDT | 1,411 | Reference | 74 | Reference | ||
| Outcomes of previous TB treatment | ||||||
| Unsuccessful treatment | 257 | 5.14 (4.33–6.11) | < 0.001 | 21 | 5.37 (2.54–11.34) | < 0.001 |
| Successful treatment | 1,462 | Reference | 96 | Reference | ||
| PTB treatment time (days) | 1,719 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.130 | 117 | 1.05 (1.02–2.01) | 0.015 |
| TIOFMV (days) | 1,586 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.025 | 108 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.162 |
| TIOLC (days) | 1,719 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.945 | 117 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.100 |
| TRs from individuals with CPTBT | ||||||
| 2H3R3Z3/4H3R3 | 13 | 0.67 (0.32–1.43) | 0.304 | 11 | 0.72 (0.22–2.36) | 0.592 |
| 2H3R3Z3E3/4H3R3 | 93 | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) | 0.185 | 6 | 0.74 (0.22–2.57) | 0.640 |
| 2HREZ/4H3R3 | 21 | 0.85 (0.40–1.79) | 0.611 | 7 | 0.97 (0.23–4.03) | 0.963 |
| 2HRZE/4HR | 676 | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 0.114 | 40 | 1.03 (0.97–2.02) | 0.596 |
| FDC-2HRZE/4HR | 91 | 0.57 (0.36–0.93) | 0.025 | 6 | 0.73 (0.17–3.11) | 0.674 |
| 2HRZES/6HRE | 53 | 1.64 (1.12–2.40) | 0.011 | 5 | 0.48 (0.07–3.51) | 0.469 |
| 3HRZE/6HRE | 83 | 1.25 (0.89–1.77) | 0.196 | 8 | 1.84 (0.65–5.21) | 0.251 |
| 3HRZES/6HRE | 43 | 4.79 (2.47–9.29) | < 0.001 | 14 | 2.44 (1.11–5.37) | 0.027 |
| 2H3R3Z3E3S3/6H3R3E3 | 15 | 1.00 (0.53–1.87) | 0.988 | 12 | 1.23 (0.43–3.47) | 0.699 |
| Individualized TRs | 631 | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 0.266 | 8 | 1.39 (0.71–2.75) | 0.334 |
| Chest imaging | ||||||
| Excellent FCXE | 220 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.001 | 22 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.911 |
| Moderate FCXE | 1,267 | 1.19 (0.65–2.94) | 0.324 | 71 | 1.82 (0.54–2.31) | 0.365 |
| Poor FCXE | 232 | 2.03 (0.82–3.25) | 0.216 | 14 | 2.31 (0.44–3.21) | 0.568 |
| DPC (months) | 706 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) | < 0.001 | 38 | 1.53 (1.15–2.04) | 0.004 |
| Duration of miliary tubercles (months) | 15 | 1.08 (0.54–2.15) | 0.836 | 7 | 0.77 (0.19–3.21) | 0.720 |
| DAF (months) | 1,692 | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | < 0.001 | 109 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.852 |
| Duration without findings (months) | 27 | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | 0.337 | 8 | 0.72 (0.28–1.84) | 0.492 |
| Microbiological characteristics | ||||||
| FSC | 1,350 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | < 0.001 | 94 | 0.77 (0.60–1.00) | 0.050 |
| DPSC (months) | 954 | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.004 | 66 | 0.99 (0.64–1.54) | 0.968 |
| DNSC (months) | 396 | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | < 0.001 | 28 | 0.46 (0.22–0.97) | 0.042 |
| DWSC (months) | 369 | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 0.249 | 23 | 1.01 (0.33–3.11) | 0.983 |
| FSS | 1,699 | 1.05 (0.95–1.18) | 0.434 | 115 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.121 |
| DPSS (months) | 607 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.405 | 34 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 0.628 |
| DNSS (months) | 1,092 | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) | 0.880 | 81 | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.030 |
| DWSS (months) | 20 | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 0.161 | 2 | 0.83 (0.09–7.71) | 0.869 |
Data are shown as No., hazard ratio (95% CI), and P value.
MDR-TB: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; TB: tuberculosis; PTB: pulmonary tuberculosis; CPTBT: completing pulmonary TB treatment; CNDT: completing newly diagnosed pulmonary TB treatment; CRT: completing re-treated pulmonary TB treatment; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HR: hazard ratio; TRs: treatment regimens; FDC: fixed-dose combination; H: isoniazid; R: rifampicin; Z: pyrazinamide; E: ethambutol; S: streptomycin; CI: confidence interval; FMSM: family members' management or self-management; CDM: community doctor management; TIOLC: time from illness onset to laboratory confirmation; MCF: mode of TB case finding; TIOFMV: time from illness onset to the first medical visit; FCXE: frequencies of chest X-ray examination; DPC: duration of pulmonary cavities; DAF: duration of abnormal X-ray findings; FSC: frequencies of sputum culture; DPSC: duration of positive sputum culture; DNSC: duration of negative sputum culture; DWSC: duration without sputum culture; FSS: frequencies of sputum smear; DPSS: duration of positive sputum smear; DNSS: duration of negative sputum smear; DWSS: duration without sputum smear.
*Bold values are those that reach statistical significance (P < 0.05).