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. 2020 Aug 13;10:13697. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70763-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of three illumination methods suitable for sub-millisecond resolved kymograph measurements of DNA-binding proteins. Typical kymographs of p53 in 150 mM KCl obtained at a time resolution of 500 μs based on the HILO (A), critical-angle TIRF (B), and TIRF (C) methods. The two kymographs on the left of each panel were obtained in the presence of the tethered DNA. The kymographs on the right were obtained without DNA. A schematic illustration of each of the illumination methods is shown in the top panels.