Table 1. Age-Adjusted Characteristics of Participants by Diabetes Status.
| Characteristica | Nurses’ Health Study | Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | Combined cohorts | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No diabetes | With diabetes | No diabetes | With diabetes | No diabetes | With diabetes | |
| Person-years | 3 122 370 | 220 187 | 848 063 | 62 910 | 3 970 434 | 283 097 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 58.8 (11.6) | 67.9 (9.5) | 64.2 (10.7) | 71.1 (9.4) | 60.0 (11.6) | 68.6 (9.5) |
| Race/ethnicity, %b | ||||||
| White | 97.2 | 94.5 | 91.2 | 87.5 | 95.9 | 93.3 |
| Black | 1.8 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.5 |
| Other | 1.0 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
| Unknown | 0 | 0 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| BMI, %b | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 24.6 (4.2) | 29.9 (5.7) | 25.7 (3.2) | 28.8 (4.4) | 24.9 (4.0) | 29.7 (5.5) |
| <25.0 | 61.7 | 19.5 | 45.3 | 18.2 | 58.1 | 19.3 |
| 25.0-29.9 | 27.7 | 35.1 | 46.4 | 48.9 | 31.8 | 37.6 |
| 30.0-34.9 | 7.8 | 27.0 | 7.0 | 24.3 | 7.6 | 26.5 |
| ≥35.0 | 2.6 | 18.2 | 1.1 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 16.4 |
| Missing | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Physical activity, mean (SD), MET-h/wk | 17.1 (18.1) | 12.8 (12.7) | 27.3 (22.9) | 21.2 (18.6) | 20.1 (20.2) | 14.8 (14.5) |
| Tobacco smoking, pack-years, %b | ||||||
| Never | 44.1 | 44.3 | 47.3 | 42.4 | 44.8 | 44.0 |
| <5 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 8.4 | 8.1 |
| 5-19 | 18.5 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 17.6 | 18.4 | 17.9 |
| 20-39 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 16.0 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 16.0 |
| ≥40 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 8.8 | 11.6 | 10.3 | 11.9 |
| Missing | 1.4 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 |
| Alcohol use, mean (SD), g/d | 6.2 (9.4) | 3.2 (6.6) | 11.2 (13.7) | 8.7 (12.3) | 7.4 (10.8) | 4.4 (8.3) |
| Multivitamin use, %b | 48.1 | 45.9 | 48.5 | 45.5 | 48.2 | 46.0 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); MET, metabolic equivalent.
a
All values other than age have been directly standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
b
The percentages were standardized and thus were not consistent with the unstandardized numbers.