. 2020 Aug 13;10:13770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70727-2

Table 3.

Crude and adjusted odds ratio between parental psychological distress (both parents scored K6 ≥ 9; MPD or SPD) and potential risk factors such as socio-economic status, health behavior, and working situation among Japanese parents. (n = 3,514).

		Both parents scored K6 ≥ 9 (n = 118)		Either or both parents scored K6 < 9		P	Crude OR		Adjusted OR
		n	%	n	%	P	(95%CI)		(95%CI)
Household
Residential area	Metropolitan	25	3.2	768	96.8	0.889	Ref		–	–
	City with a population of over 50,000	67	3.4	1,932	96.6		1.07	(0.71–1.70)	–	–
	City with a population of less than 50,000	26	3.6	696	96.4		1.15	(0.70–2.01)	–	–
Number of children	1	49	3.1	1,544	96.9	0.398	Ref		Ref
Number of children	≥ 2	69	3.6	1,852	96.4		1.17	(0.83–1.70)	1.30	(0.84–2.01)
Twin^a	No	118	3.4	3,361	96.6	0.631	–	–	–	–
Twin^a	Yes	0	0	35	100.0		–	–	–	–
Month age of youngest children	0–6 months	41	2.6	1,565	97.4	0.015	Ref		Ref
Month age of youngest children	6–12 months	77	4.0	1,831	96.0		1.61	(1.09–2.36)	1.58	(1.02–2.45)
Sex of youngest children	Male	62	3.5	1,703	96.5	0.609	Ref		Ref
Sex of youngest children	Female	56	3.2	1,693	96.8		0.91	(0.65–1.31)	0.96	(0.64–1.45)
Monthly household expenditure per person	Lower half	41	2.4	1,681	97.6	0.002	Ref		Ref
Monthly household expenditure per person	Upper half	77	4.3	1,715	95.7		1.84	(1.25–2.71)	2.09	(1.33–3.28)
Main caregiver of children during daytime	Parents and any of other family members and nursery	47	4.3	1,045	95.7		Ref		Ref
Main caregiver of children during daytime	Parents only	69	3.1	2,188	96.9	0.064	0.70	(0.50–1.02)	0.74	(0.46–1.20)
Father
Age	< 30	32	4.0	774	96.0	0.272	Ref		Ref
Age	≥ 30	86	3.2	2,622	96.8		0.79	(0.53–1.20)	0.90	(0.57–1.40)
Education	Low	66	3.6	1,793	96.4	0.572	Ref		Ref
Education	High	42	3.2	1,278	96.8		0.89	(0.62–1.32)	0.90	(0.57–1.40)
Under treatment other than mental illness	No	99	3.3	2,864	96.7	0.816	Ref		Ref
Under treatment other than mental illness	Yes	19	3.5	518	96.5		1.06	(0.65–1.73)	1.05	(0.60–1.83)
Smoking	No	61	2.9	2,011	97.1	0.077	Ref		Ref
Smoking	Yes	57	4.1	1,350	95.9		1.39	(0.98–2.01)	1.54	(0.99–2.39)
Alcohol use (≥ once per week)	No	65	3.7	1,670	96.3	0.205	Ref		Ref
Alcohol use (≥ once per week)	Yes	52	3.0	1,697	97.0		0.79	(0.56–1.14)	0.72	(0.47–1.10)
Number of hours slept each night	≥ 6 h	59	2.8	2,025	97.2	0.035	Ref		Ref
Number of hours slept each night	< 6 h	59	4.1	1,367	95.9		1.48	(1.04–2.14)	1.28	(0.84–1.95)
Number of work hours per week	< 55 h	76	3.1	2,355	96.9	0.087	Ref		Ref
Number of work hours per week	≥ 55 h	38	4.4	834	95.6		1.41	(0.96–2.10)	1.61	(1.05–2.49)
Mother
Age	< 30	36	3.3	1,059	96.7	0.876	Ref		–	–
Age	≥ 30	82	3.4	2,337	96.6		1.03	(0.69–1.54)	–	–
Education	Low	82	3.7	2,130	96.3	0.166	Ref		–	–
Education	High	26	2.7	926	97.3		0.73	(0.48–1.14)	–	–
Under treatment other than mental illness	No	97	3.3	2,856	96.7	0.809	Ref		Ref
Under treatment other than mental illness	Yes	19	3.5	526	96.5		1.06	(0.73–1.89)	1.16	(0.67–2.00)
Smoking	No	113	3.4	3,187	96.6	0.573	Ref		Ref
Smoking	Yes	5	2.7	183	97.3		0.77	(0.33–1.91)	0.51	(0.18–1.48)
Alcohol use (≥ once per week)	No	109	3.3	3,176	96.7	0.426	Ref		Ref
Alcohol use (≥ once per week)	Yes	9	4.3	198	95.7		1.32	(0.68–2.65)	1.27	(0.53–3.06)
Number of hours slept each night	≥ 6 h	44	2.6	1,660	97.4	0.020	Ref		Ref
Number of hours slept each night	< 6 h	72	4.0	1,731	96.0		1.57	(1.10–2.30)	1.81	(1.17–2.79)
Number of work hours per week	No work hours	82	3.1	2,593	96.9	0.117	Ref		Ref
Number of work hours per week	≥ 1 h	28	4.3	625	95.7		1.42	(0.93–2.19)	1.13	(0.64–1.95)

2,773 couples were included in the multivariate analysis.