Table 2.
Mean values of joint moments, surface loads, and pelvic angles.
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint moments1 (Nm) | Right femur | Sagittal plane | 10.9 (19.9, 1.8) | − 18.9 (− 16, − 21.2) | − 21.3 (− 17.4, − 29.1) | − 2.5 (− 1.2, − 3.9) | 0.5 (1.6, − 0.5) |
| Coronal plane | 17.8 (23.1, 11.9) | 44.5 (50.1, 35.9) | 16.5 (22.8, 13.9) | 0.5 (0.8, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.2, − 0.1) | ||
| Transversal plane | 5.8 (9.2, 3.8) | 0 (1.4, − 1) | 9.5 (15.9, 5.7) | − 0.2 (− 0.1, − 0.3) | 0.1 (0.4, 0) | ||
| Left femur | Sagittal plane | − 17 (− 13.2, − 24) | − 0.8 (− 0.5, − 1.1) | 16.1 (21.3, 9.4) | − 5.7 (1.8, − 12.8) | − 28.1 (− 20.6, − 41) | |
| Coronal plane | 16.4 (20.7, 11) | 0.3 (0.5, 0.2) | 15 (21.5, 10.9) | 45 (51.6, 36.3) | 41.6 (52.3, 32.7) | ||
| Transversal plane | 10.2 (18, 3.8) | 0 (0, − 0.1) | − 6.4 (− 1.9, − 11.6) | − 5.1 (− 1.7, − 9.9) | 3.2 (5.5, 0.4) | ||
| Surface loads2 (N) | Right femur | Medio-lateral | 13.9 (21.3, 6.5) | 36.1 (48.9, 25.4) | 16.7 (29, 8.9) | 1.7 (2.4, 1.1) | 1.7 (2.6, 1) |
| Anterior–posterior | 53 (65.6, 40.9) | − 0.8 (3.6, − 6.7) | − 74 (− 62.7, − 101.7) | − 3.9 (− 2.7, − 5.1) | 2.6 (3.3, 1.7) | ||
| Vertical | 344.6 (422, 244.5) | 558.3 (659.1, 438) | 319 (424.8, 255.6) | − 26.5 (− 21.2, − 31.2) | − 25.6 (− 20.8, − 30.1) | ||
| Left femur | Medio-lateral | − 18 (− 10.3, − 26.3) | − 1.7 (− 1.3, − 2.2) | − 11 (− 6.3, − 17.6) | − 33.7 (− 24.6, − 45.1) | − 34.3 (− 22.1, − 45.3) | |
| Anterior–posterior | − 66.9 (− 57.6, − 82) | − 0.4 (0.2, − 1) | 46.8 (66.9, 28.1) | 40.4 (55.8, 30.7) | − 31.3 (− 25.4, − 48.7) | ||
| Vertical | 289 (368.8, 235.7) | − 25.8 (− 20.5, − 30.1) | 318.6 (403.9, 237) | 550.5 (657.5, 424) | 553.8 (648.5, 428.5) | ||
| Base of sacrum | Medio-lateral | 4.1 (8.2, 0.8) | − 34.4 (− 23.8, − 46.9) | − 5.7 (− 1.9, − 12.1) | 32 (42.7, 23.5) | 32.6 (43.6, 21.1) | |
| Anterior–posterior | 13.9 (20.4, 0.3) | 1.2 (7.3, − 3.3) | 27.2 (45.9, 14.6) | − 36.5 (− 28.1, − 51) | 28.7 (45.4, 22.9) | ||
| Vertical | − 633.6 (− 480.2, − 760.4) | − 532.5 (− 417.5, − 629.1) | − 637.6 (− 492.6, − 773.1) | − 524 (− 402.8, − 626.3) | − 528.2 (− 407.5, − 619.7) | ||
| Pelvic angles3 (°) | Sagittal plane | 8.1 (12, 3.8) | 8.1 (11.2, 5.3) | 8.3 (11.5, 4.6) | 7.7 (11, 3.8) | 7.8 (10.9, 4.6) | |
| Coronal plane | − 3.8 (− 1.9, − 5.9) | − 1.7 (0.6, − 4.1) | 1.6 (3.1, − 0.4) | 1.3 (3.8, − 0.5) | − 2.3 (− 0.1, − 3.9) | ||
| Transversal plane | − 5 (− 1.8, − 9) | − 0.8 (0.9, − 3) | 3.4 (7.6, − 1.2) | 2.6 (7.1, − 1.2) | − 3.1 (− 0.6, − 5.4) |
1Sagittal plane: flextion (+)/extension (−), coronal plane: abduction (+)/adduction (−), transversal plane: external rotation (+)/internal rotation (−).
2Medio-lateral: left (+)/right (−), anterior–posterior: posterior (+)/anterior (−), vertical: superior (+)/inferior (−).
3Sagittal plane: anterior tilt (+)/posterior tilt (−), coronal plane: elevation (+)/depression (−) on right leg, transversal plane: forward rotation (+)/backward rotation (−) on right leg.