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Activation by either β-glucan or TLR4, 7 and 2 determines whether a macrophage will be “trained” or undergo tolerization. These epigenetic changes include metabolic genes or could involve the regulation of receptors. β-Glucan can reverse the phenotype of a macrophage from tolerized to trained. Adapted from Novakovic et al. (119). TLR, toll-like receptor. Color images are available online.
