TABLE 1—
Prevalence of Any, Physical, or Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Victimization by Recall Period Among Transgender Individuals
| Article | Recall Period | Gender | Any IPV, % (No./Total No.) | Physical IPV, % (No./Total No.) | Sexual IPV, % (No./Total No.) |
| Lifetime | |||||
| Bazargan and Galvan44 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 56.8 (125/220) | NA | NA |
| Castro et al.33,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 26.7 (8/30) | NA | NA |
| De Boni et al.34,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 41.7 (10/24) | 37.5 (9/24) | NA |
| DeVylder et al.80,a | Lifetime | TG (NS) | 83.3 (5/6) | 66.7 (4/6) | 66.7 (4/6) |
| Fernández-Rouco et al.22 | Lifetime, aged > 14 y | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | NA | 5.0 (6/120) |
| FORGE38 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | Dating violence: 5.8 (8/138) | NA | NA |
| IPV/DV: 29.0 (40/138) | |||||
| FORGE38 | Lifetime | AFAB TG | Dating violence: 23.3 (47/202) | NA | NA |
| IPV/DV: 36.1 (73/202) | |||||
| FORGE38 | Lifetime | TG (NS) | Dating violence: 31.9 (29/91) | NA | NA |
| IPV/DV: 38.5 (35/91) | |||||
| Garthe et al.64 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 41.7 (78/187) | NA | 16.0 (30/187) |
| Goldenberg et al.65 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 43.6 (34/78) | NA | NA |
| Goldenberg et al.65 | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 30.4 (7/23) | NA | NA |
| Goldenberg et al.65 | Lifetime | NB | 60.0 (18/30) | NA | NA |
| Henry et al.66,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 72.4 (21/29) | 34.5 (10/29) | 17.2 (5/29) |
| Henry et al.66,a | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 76.9 (20/26) | 61.5 (16/26) | 46.2 (12/26) |
| Henry et al.66,a | Lifetime | NB | 65.2 (15/23) | 30.4 (7/23) | 34.8 (8/23) |
| Holt42,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | 16.2 (55/340) | NA |
| Holt43,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | 14.8 (26/176) | NA |
| James et al.15 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG, NB | 53.1 (14217/26 780) | 34.4 (9333/27 166) | 19.3 (5316/27 557) |
| Kattari et al.50 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG, NB | 37.8 (2438/6456)b | NA | NA |
| Keuroghlian et al.51,c | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 33.1 (150/452) | NA | NA |
| Logie et al.11,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 37.5 (51/136) | NA | NA |
| Logie et al.28 | Lifetime | TG (NS) | 10.0 (1/10) | NA | NA |
| Langenderfer-Magruder et al.52 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 31.1 (38/122) | NA | NA |
| Martinez-Velez et al.67 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG, TG (NS) | 55.8 (29/52) | NA | NA |
| McDowell et al.78,d | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 66.4 (99/149) | NA | NA |
| Mimiaga et al.68 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 41.7 (78/187) | NA | NA |
| Nemoto et al.58 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | NA | 22.0 (125/568) | NA |
| Peitzmeier et al.87,d | Lifetime | AFAB TG | NA | 39.5 (58/147) | 51.0 (75/147) |
| Pitts et al.23 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 36.4 (24/66) | 16.7 (11/66) | 3.0 (2/66) |
| Pitts et al.23 | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 61.8 (21/34) | 26.5 (9/34) | 8.8 (3/34) |
| Qureshi et al.56 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 6.3 (2/32) | NA | NA |
| Reisner et al.85 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 25.8 (8/31) | NA | NA |
| Reisner et al.91,c | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 41.0 (71/173) | NA | NA |
| Risser et al.57 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | NA | 50 (34/67)e | 25 (17/67)e |
| Roch et al.9 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 80.0 (48/60) | 45.0 (27/60) | 46.7(28/60) |
| Salazar et al.58 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | NA | 55.4 (51/92) | NA |
| Swan et al.37,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | NA | 37.5 (3/8) | 50.0 (4/8) |
| Taliaferro et al.74,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 22.9 (134/585) | 10.4 (61/587) | 13.0 (76/585) |
| Taliaferro et al.74,a | Lifetime | AFAB TG | 30.1 (410/1362) | 10.5 (143/1362) | 18.2 (249/1368) |
| Turell60 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | NA | 42.9 (3/7) | 28.6 (2/7) |
| Veale et al.26 | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 27.0 (203/751)e | NA | NA |
| White Hughto et al.90,c | Lifetime | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 33.3 (137/412) | NA | NA |
| Wilton et al.76,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 15.4 (2/13) | NA | NA |
| Yamanis et al.77,a | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 50.0 (19/38) | 21.1 (8/38) | 23.1 (9/39) |
| Zhang et al.7 | Lifetime | AMAB TG | 65.6 (40/61) | NA | NA |
| Past year | |||||
| Bukowski et al.92,f | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | 44.7 (220/492) | NA |
| Clements-Nolle et al.46 | Past year | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | 18.9 (36/190) | NA |
| Griner et al.93,g | Past year | TG (NS) | NA | 10.3 (21/204) | 10.8 (22/204) |
| Hoxmeier94 | Past year | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | 3.8 (3/79) | 6.3 (5/79) |
| Johns et al.82,h | Past year | TG (NS) | NA | 33.8 (593/1752) | 29.1 (374/1287) |
| Langenderfer-Magruder et al.62,a | Past year | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 60 (9/15) | NA | NA |
| Mizuno et al.53 | Past yeari | AMAB TG | 3.7 (7/166)b | NA | NA |
| Scheer et al.72,a | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | 15.6 (5/32) | 9.4 (3/32) |
| Scheer et al.72,a | Past year | AFAB TG | NA | 19.0 (12/63) | 15.9 (10/63) |
| Scheer et al.72,a | Past year | NB | NA | 16.1 (22/137) | 13.1 (18/137) |
| Scheer et al.72,a | Past year | TG (NS) | NA | 16.1 (10/62) | 11.3 (7/62) |
| Smith et al.59 | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 3.2 (2/63) |
| Sterzing et al.73 | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | 11.8 (2/19)j | NA |
| Sterzing et al.73 | Past year | AFAB TG | NA | 15.1 (7/47) | NA |
| Sterzing et al.73 | Past year | AMAB NB | NA | 14.7 (7/52) | NA |
| Sterzing et al.73 | Past year | AFAB NB | NA | 12.6 (24/189) | NA |
| Valentine et al.6 | Past year | AMAB TG | 12.1 (19/157) | 8.9 (14/157) | 7.6 (12/157) |
| Valentine et al.6 | Past year | AFAB TG | 6.6 (11/167) | 4.8 (8/167) | 3.0 (5/167) |
| Valentine et al.6 | Past year | NB | 8.2 (16/194) | 5.2 (10/194) | 5.2 (10/194) |
| Valentine et al.6 | Past year | TG (NS) | 9.1 (18/197) | 5.6 (11/197) | 5.1 (10/197) |
| Walls et al.75 | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | 39.7 (25/63) | NA |
| Walls et al.75 | Past year | AFAB TG | NA | 27.5 (28/102) | NA |
| Walls et al.75 | Past year | NB | NA | 48.5 (32/66) | NA |
| Whitfield et al.83,g | Past year | TG (NS) | NA | 10.0 (20/201) | 10.4 (21/201) |
| Woulfe et al.17,a | Past year | TG (NS) | NA | 9.2 (13/142) | 11.3 (16/142) |
| Zalla et al.36,a | Past year | AMAB TG | NA | 33.9 (37/109) | NA |
| Other recall periods | |||||
| Askevis-Leherpeux et al.29,a | During an “index period” during which gender incongruence or distress may have been particularly prominent | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 8.7 (6/69) | NA | NA |
| Bhochhibhoya et al.79,a | By current or recent dating partner while in college | TG (NS) | NA | NA | 37.5 (3/8) |
| Campbell et al.31,a | During an “index period” during which gender incongruence or distress may have been particularly prominent | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 3.5 (2/57) | NA | NA |
| Cantor et al.40 | Since enrollment (graduate students) | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 17.8 (87/490) | 8.6 (42/490) | NA |
| Cantor et al.40 | Since enrollment (undergraduates) | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 22.8 (207/908) | 9.7 (88/908) | NA |
| Cantor et al.40 | Since start of 2014 term (graduate students) | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 10.2 (50/490) | NA | NA |
| Cantor et al.40 | Since start of 2014 term (undergraduates) | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 15.3 (139/908) | NA | NA |
| Dank et al.95 | Ever with current or most recent partner | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | NA | 88.9 (16/18) | 61.1 (11/18) |
| Edwards et al.47,a | Past 2 y | NB | NA | 30.4 (7/23) | NA |
| Edwards et al.47,a | Past 2 y | AMAB TG | NA | 50.0 (2/4) | NA |
| Edwards et al.47,a | Past 2 y | AFAB TG | NA | 40.0 (4/10) | NA |
| Fedina et al.81,a | Since enrollment | TG (NS) | NA | NA | NA |
| Flentje et al.48 | Current | AFAB TG | 30.8 (4/13) | NA | NA |
| Flentje et al.48 | Current | AMAB TG | 13.6 (3/22) | NA | NA |
| Guadamuz et al.8 | Other | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 4.2 (20/474) |
| Lane et al.30,a | Past 6 mo | AMAB TG | 0 (0/6) | NA | NA |
| Logie et al.96 | Adulthood | AMAB TG | 26.5 (36/137) | NA | NA |
| Nemoto et al.54 | Ever, aged < 18 y | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 2.5 (14/564) |
| Nemoto et al.54 | Adulthood | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 4.9 (28/568) |
| Odo and Hawelu55 | Other | AMAB TG | 20.0 (20/100)k | NA | NA |
| Parsons et al.69 | Past 5 y | AMAB TG | 65.1 (138/212) | NA | NA |
| Petering et al.70,a | Past 3 mo | AMAB TG | NA | 0 (0/3) | NA |
| Reuter et al.88,l | Up to 3 partners in the past 6 mo | AMAB TG | 66.7 (6/9) | 44.4 (4/9) | NA |
| Reuter et al.88,l | Up to 3 partners in the past 6 mo | AFAB TG | 0 (0/7) | 0 (0/7) | NA |
| Robles et al.35,a | During an “index period” during which gender incongruence or distress may have been particularly prominent | AMAB TG, AFAB TG, NB | 11.2 (28/250) | NA | NA |
| Sinha et al.32 | Past 3 mo | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 5.6 (5/90) |
| Smith et al.59 | Adolescence (aged 12–17 y) | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 3.2 (2/63) |
| Smith et al.59 | Adulthood (aged ≥ 25 y) | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 9.5 (6/63) |
| Smith et al.59 | Young adulthood (aged 18–24 y) | AMAB TG | NA | NA | 15.9 (10/63) |
| Spittal et al.24,a | Other | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 5.7 (5/88)b | NA | NA |
| Whitton et al.61,a,l | Up to 3 partners in the past 6 mo at any of 6 study visits | AMAB TG | 66.7 (8/12) | 50.0 (6/12) | 50.0 (6/12) |
| Whitton et al.61,a,l | Up to 3 partners in the past 6 mo at any of 6 study visits | AFAB TG | 50.0 (4/8) | 50.0 (4/8) | 25.0 (2/8) |
| Zakrison et al.97 | Current | AMAB TG, AFAB TG | 100.0 (1/1) | NA | NA |
| Zhang et al.7,a | Ever with current partner | AMAB TG | NA | 31.0 (9/29) | 61.9 (13/21) |
Note. AFAB = assigned-female-at-birth; AMAB = assigned-male-at-birth; DV = domestic violence; IPV = intimate partner violence; NA = information not available; NB = nonbinary or genderqueer; SAB = sex assigned at birth; TG = transgender; TG (NS) = transgender (not specified)—transgender, but gender identity or SAB of participants not available. Articles with prevalence estimates for multiple recall periods or populations are reported on multiple rows. Samples of exclusively IPV survivors reporting prevalence of specific types of IPV (e.g., Heintz et al.49 and Scheer and Baams71) are not included as any IPV prevalence is 100%. “Any IPV” indicates either a single question that includes multiple types of IPV (e.g., “Has your partner hit you or forced you to have sex?”) or a summary measure of IPV across multiple types of IPV assessed in the study. Studies with AMAB TG or AFAB TG participants may include NB participants under those terms without necessarily assessing for nonbinary identity or providing disaggregated prevalence estimates for nonbinary participants. Gender is standardized across studies as AMAB TG, AFAB TG, or NB regardless of language the original study may have used around gender (e.g., “transmasculine individuals” or “transgender women”) for greater consistency.
Some prevalence data not published in article; authors provided data upon contact.
Prevalence defined as percentage of individuals who accessed a domestic violence service. Other articles that used the same data set (the National Transgender Discrimination Survey) were not reported again in this table.
Articles used the same data set.
Articles used the same data set.
Prevalence given in article, number/total number is approximate.
Bukowski et al.92 article with larger sample size represented in Table 1 because the other Bukowski et al.63 article uses a subsample from the same data set.
Articles use the same data set and, therefore, Whitfield et al.83 sample is not represented in the text of the results when summarizing findings around past-year prevalence, to avoid double-counting this study sample.
Weighted prevalence estimates reported by Johns et al.82 in the article were 26.4% for physical IPV and 22.9% for sexual IPV. Raw data were obtained from the authors.
Recall period vague in article.
Sterzing et al.73 used multiple imputation to report prevalence estimates. Numerators are approximated by applying the percentage to the reported sample size (denominator) and rounding.
“By informal count” “at least 20” of 100 transgender participants experienced IPV.
Articles used the same data set.