Table A1.
Multilevel unstandardized results (nindividuals = 154,981, ncountries = 29)
| Mental well-being |
School well-being |
Social well-being |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1d life satisfaction |
M2d psychological complaints |
M3c school satisfaction |
M4c school pressure |
M5g family support |
M6g friends support |
|
| B (SE) |
B (SE) |
B (SE) |
B (SE) |
B (SE) |
B (SE) |
|
| Within | ||||||
| Intense SMU | .023 (.015) | .110*** (.012) | −.064*** (.010) | .055*** (.010) | .039* (.016) | .327*** (.019) |
| Problematic SMU | −.823*** (.038) | .619*** (.024) | −.316*** (.017) | .292*** (.021) | −.619*** (.027) | −.343*** (.026) |
| Cross-level | ||||||
| Intense SMU × intense SMU prevalence | 1.229*** (.271) | −.533** (.171) | .816*** (.234) | .786*** (.218) | ||
| Intense SMU × problematic SMU prevalence | .947 (.607) | 1.107* (.526) | ||||
| Problematic SMU × intense SMU prevalence | −.422 (.380) | −.460 (.338) | ||||
| Problematic SMU × problematic SMU prevalence | 2.183* (.977) | 2.839* (1.118) | ||||
| Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model fit | ||||||
| Free parametersa | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 26 | 26 |
| AIC | 616002.8 | 430723.3 | 383745.5 | 399546.0 | 597158.6 | 597480.0 |
| BIC | 616231.7 | 430952.2 | 383964.4 | 399764.9 | 597417.4 | 597738.8 |
| Random parameters | ||||||
| Variance between individuals | 3.117*** (.079) | .943*** (.020) | .696*** (.022) | .771*** (.023) | 2.759*** (.234) | 2.765*** (.167) |
| Variance between countries | .021*** (.006) | .021*** (.006) | .024** (.008) | .035* (.014) | .136*** (.030) | .174*** (.043) |
| (Residual) variance intense SMU | .002 (.001) | .003** (.001) | .002** (.001) | .002* (.001) | .003* (.002) | .006 (.003) |
| (Residual) variance problematic SMU | .034** (.011) | .013* (.006) | .007** (.002) | .012 (.008) | .009* (.004) | .006 (.003) |
| 95% PI intense SMUb | [−.172/.220] | [−.030/.248] | [−.152/.024] | [−.033/.143] | [−.145/.227] | [.115/.545] |
| 95% PI problematic SMUb | [−1.179/−.467] | [.396/.842] | [−.480/−.152] | [.077/.507] | [−.826/−.396] | [−.516/−.144] |
| R2 random slope intense SMU | 80.00% | 40.00% | 55.56% | 41.67% + 8.33% | ||
| R2 random slope problematic SMU | 25.00% | 33.33% |
AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion; M. = model; PI = prediction interval; R2 = explained variance; SE = standard error; SMU = social media use.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.
Parameters not shown in the table (16): control variables female, family affluence, age, the random intercept of the respective well-being indicator, effects of the country-level prevalence of intense and problematic SMU on the random intercept, the covariances between the random intercept and the random slopes, effects of country-level costs of mobile broadband and internet speed on country-level prevalence of intense and problematic SMU, the intercepts of the country-level prevalence of intense and problematic SMU, and the residual variances of the country-level prevalence of intense and problematic SMU.
Based on B's and variance parameters of models without cross-level effects (Table 2, M1-6c).