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. 2020 Aug 7;11:1573. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01573

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Copyright © 2020 Jafarzadeh, Nemati, Chauhan, Patidar, Sarkar, Sharifi and Saha.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-27 tips the balance of immunity toward L. amazonensis survival. IL-27-related enhancing effects on L. amazonensis growth and survival occur mainly through IL-10. (A) Inside macrophages, L. amazonensis activates protein kinase R (PKR). (B) PKR activation can also occur through Poly I:C (a ligand for TLR3), which elicits IL-10 production. (C) Using anti-IL-10 antibody parasite replication could be entirely abrogated. (D) TLR2^−/− macrophages express low levels of IFN-β and PKR post-L. amazonensis infection, indicating that the TLR2-PKR-IFN-1 axis contributes to the IL-27 production during L. amazonensis infection that supports parasite survival. (E) Interestingly, when produced, IL-27 triggers more PKR activation, which triggers its production by a positive feedback mechanism.