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. 2020 Aug 7;11:1573. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01573

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Copyright © 2020 Jafarzadeh, Nemati, Chauhan, Patidar, Sarkar, Sharifi and Saha.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-27 tips the balance of immunity toward L. braziliensis survival. (A) IL-10 and IL-27 may modulate deleterious Th1 responses in L. braziliensis infection. (B) The proper expression of IL-10 and IL-27 may cause asymptomatic subclinical pattern, while the reduced expression of IL-10 and IL-27 may lead to symptomatic CL pattern in L. braziliensis infected individuals. (C) Tr1 cells with phenotype CD4⁺ CD25⁻ CD127^−/low FoxP3⁻ are identified in the peripheral blood of L. braziliensis-infected patients with CL that produce higher amounts of IL-10. (D) Tr1 cells at the initial phase of infection may suppress the Leishmanicidal mechanisms of macrophages. However, during the late stages of infection, IL-27, along with IL-10, attenuates tissue damage in L. braziliensis infection. (E) The mechanism through which Tr1 cells are induced by IL-27 is unknown to date.