Table 3.

Multiple Communicative Actions and Sample Codes

Subcategories	Description	Codes
Talking	Observations of the residents talking characteristics of the music	Talking at any time
Smiling	Residents smiling, who they were smiling at and what was happening around them at the time as described above	Smiling when leading music. In response to 1:1, the welcome song, own name being sung, a smile from another person
Singing	Singing to another person and singing with other people. This was considered communicative when it involved other people, eye contact and the potential to influence other people’s behavior).	Singing to self. Singing in response to own name being sung. Singing along to welcome song, singing more words each week, singing louder each week
Pointing	Residents pointing, what they were pointing at, whether they were also looking at another person to direct their attention and what was happening around them at the time.	Pointing to a person talking, an instrument, other people in the room.
Playing an instrument	A resident playing an instrument by themselves, during music, with support from someone else.	Playing an instrument in response to gentle music, to lively music, music with an increased tempo.
Looking	Observations of where the residents were looking towards and what was happening around them.	Looking at others talking Looking at other people during recorded music or live music
Laughing	The residents laughing at what was happening around them at the time.	Laughing response to: a carer; during 1:1 interaction; in response to an action from someone else.
Facial movement	Observations of parts of the residents’ face moving and what was happening around them at the time.	Raised eye brows in response to eye contact and smiling from carer. Facial movement whilst playing an instrument and listening to music.
Dance-like movement	Residents moving in time to the music.	Legs, hands, or arms moving in time to the music as though doing dance steps to up tempo and lively music.
Body positioning	How the resident was seated and any nonspecific body movement during the group and what was happening around them at the time.	Mouth covered while singing and becoming uncovered over time during welcome song. Leaning back and forth during music. Fidgeting during recorded music (lots of little movement and changes to positioning).