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. 2020 Jun 9;46(5):1775–1794. doi: 10.1007/s10695-020-00827-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — In vitro effects of 17β-estradiol on the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (a–c), CXC chemokines (d–g), and their receptors (h–j) in the head kidney monocytes/macrophages. Cells were in vitro treated for 6 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 30 μg/mL), 17β-estradiol (E2, 1 μM), or their combination (E2 + LPS). Changes in gene expression are shown as x-fold increase compared to unstimulated, treated with culture medium cells (CTR), and they were standardized for the housekeeping gene 40S ribosomal protein s11. Averages and S.E. (n = 4–5). Stars (*) indicate statistically significant differences between control (CTR) and treated cells (E2, LPS, and E2 + LPS) (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.001, ***p ≤ 0.0001), number signs (#) indicate statistically significant differences between LPS-treated cells (LPS) and E2- or E2 + LPS-treated cells (#p ≤ 0.05, ##p ≤ 0.001, ###p ≤ 0.0001), and ampersands (&) indicate statistically significant differences between E2- and E2 + LPS-treated cells (&p ≤ 0.05)